Animal Farm by George Orwell- page 44

‘I do not understand it.

• I: first-person singular pronoun [‘‘i]
• do: auxiliary verb used to form negation [du]
• not: negative particle [nɑt]
• understand: to perceive the meaning of; to grasp [ˌəndərˈstænd]
• it: pronoun referring to something previously mentioned or understood [ɪt]

I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm.

• I: first-person singular pronoun [aɪ]
• would: auxiliary verb used to express a conditional or hypothetical situation [wʊd]
• not: negative particle [nɑt]
• have believed: to have accepted something as true or real [hæv bɪˈlivd]
• that: conjunction introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]
• such things: things of a particular kind or degree [səʧ θɪŋz]
• could: auxiliary verb expressing possibility or ability in the past [kʊd]
• happen: to take place; to occur [ˈhæpən]
• on: preposition indicating location or position [ɔn]
• our: possessive pronoun referring to the speaker and their group [ɑr]
• farm: an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops or raising animals [fɑrm]

It must be due to some fault in ourselves.

• It: pronoun referring to something previously mentioned or understood [ɪt]
• must: auxiliary verb expressing necessity or strong probability [məst]
• be due to: caused by; attributable to [bi du tɪ]
• some: an unspecified amount or number of [səm]
• fault: a defect or imperfection [fɔlt]
• in: preposition indicating location or condition [ɪn]
• ourselves: reflexive pronoun referring to the speaker and their group [ɑrˈsɛlvz]

The solution, as I see it, is to work harder.

• The solution: a means of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation [ðə səˈluʃən]
• as: preposition meaning 'in the role of' or 'in the manner of' [ɛz]
• I: first-person singular pronoun [aɪ]
• see: to perceive with the eyes; to understand [si]
• it: pronoun referring to something previously mentioned or understood [ɪt]
• is: third-person singular present of the verb 'to be' [ɪz]
• to work: to exert effort; to perform a task [tɪ wərk]
• harder: with greater effort or intensity [ˈhɑrdər]

From now onwards I shall get up a full hour earlier in the mornings.’ And he moved off at his lumbering trot and made for the quarry.

• From: preposition indicating a starting point [frəm]
• now: at the present time [naʊ]
• onwards: from this time forward [ˈɑnwərdz]
• I: first-person singular pronoun [aɪ]
• shall: auxiliary verb used to express future tense, especially in formal contexts [ʃæl]
• get up: to rise from bed [gɪt əp]
• a full hour: a complete hour [ə fʊl aʊər]
• earlier: before the usual or expected time [ˈərliər]
• in: preposition indicating location or time [ɪn]
• the mornings: the early part of the day [ðə ˈmɔrnɪŋz]
• And: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• he: third-person singular pronoun referring to a male [hi]
• moved off: to start moving; to depart [muvd ɔf]
• at: preposition indicating location or time [æt]
• his: possessive pronoun referring to a male [hɪz]
• lumbering: moving in a slow, heavy, awkward way [ˈləmbərɪŋ]
• trot: a moderately fast pace of running [trɑt]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• made for: to head towards; to go in the direction of [meɪd fər]
• the quarry: a place where stone is extracted from the earth [ðə kˈwɔri]

Having got there he collected two successive loads of stone and dragged them down to the windmill before retiring for the night.

• Having got: after arriving at [ˈhævɪŋ gɑt]
• there: in or at that place [ðɛr]
• he: third-person singular pronoun referring to a male [hi]
• collected: to gather together; to accumulate [kəˈlɛktəd]
• two successive loads: two loads following one after the other [tu səkˈsɛsɪv loʊdz]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• stone: hard, solid, nonmetallic mineral matter [stoʊn]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• dragged: to pull along with effort or difficulty [drægd]
• them: pronoun referring to the loads of stone [ðɛm]
• down: in a downward direction [daʊn]
• to: preposition indicating direction or purpose [tɪ]
• the windmill: a building with sails that are turned by the wind to grind grain or generate electricity [ðə ˈwɪndˌmɪl]
• before: preposition indicating time or order [ˌbiˈfɔr]
• retiring: withdrawing or going to bed [rɪˈtaɪrɪŋ]
• for: preposition indicating purpose or reason [fər]
• the night: the period from dusk to dawn [ðə naɪt]

The animals huddled about Clover, not speaking.

• The animals: plural of animal, referring to the creatures on the farm [ðə ˈænəməlz]
• huddled: crowded together closely; typically to keep warm or feel safe [ˈhədəld]
• about: around [əˈbaʊt]
• Clover: name of a character, a mare on the farm [ˈkloʊvər]
• not: negative particle [nɑt]
• speaking: talking; uttering words [ˈspikɪŋ]

The knoll where they were lying gave them a wide prospect across the countryside.

• The knoll: a small hill or mound [ðə noʊl]
• where: at or in which [wɛr]
• they: pronoun referring to the animals [ðeɪ]
• were lying: resting or reclining [wər laɪɪŋ]
• gave: provided; afforded [geɪv]
• them: pronoun referring to the animals [ðɛm]
• a wide prospect: an extensive view [ə waɪd ˈprɑspɛkt]
• across: from one side to the other of [əˈkrɔs]
• the countryside: the rural area; land not in towns or cities [ðə ˈkəntriˌsaɪd]

Most of Animal Farm was within their view – the long pasture stretching down to the main road, the hayfield, the spinney, the drinking pool, me ploughed fields where the young wheat was thick and green, and the red roofs of the farm buildings with the smoke curling from the chimneys.

• Most: the majority of [moʊst]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• Animal Farm: the name of the farm, also the title of the book [ˈænəməl fɑrm]
• was: past tense of 'is' [wɑz]
• within: inside; not beyond [wɪˈθɪn]
• their: possessive pronoun referring to the animals [ðɛr]
• view: sight; range of vision [vju]
• the long pasture: a field covered with grass and other low plants suitable for grazing animals [ðə lɔŋ ˈpæsʧər]
• stretching: extending; reaching [ˈstrɛʧɪŋ]
• down: in a downward direction [daʊn]
• to: preposition indicating direction or purpose [tɪ]
• the main road: the principal road in an area [ðə meɪn roʊd]
• the hayfield: a field where hay is grown [ðə ˈheɪˌfild]
• the spinney: a small wood or thicket [ðə ˈspɪni]
• the drinking pool: a small body of water where animals can drink [ðə ˈdrɪŋkɪŋ pul]
• me: typo, should be 'the' - definite article [mi]
• ploughed fields: fields that have been turned over with a plow [plaʊd fildz]
• where: in which; at which [wɛr]
• the young wheat: newly grown wheat plants [ðə jəŋ wit]
• was: past tense of 'is' [wɑz]
• thick: dense; closely packed [θɪk]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• green: color of growing plants [grin]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• the red roofs: roofs covered with red tiles or materials [ðə rɛd rufs]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• the farm buildings: the structures on the farm [ðə fɑrm ˈbɪldɪŋz]
• with: preposition indicating accompaniment or possession [wɪθ]
• the smoke: a visible suspension of carbon or other particles in air [ðə smoʊk]
• curling: forming a curved or spiral shape [ˈkərlɪŋ]
• from: preposition indicating origin or source [frəm]
• the chimneys: structures for venting smoke or fumes [ðə ˈʧɪmniz]

It was a clear spring evening.

• It: pronoun referring to the scene [ɪt]
• was: past tense of 'is' [wɑz]
• a clear spring evening: an evening in spring with good visibility [ə klɪr spərɪŋ ˈivnɪŋ]

The grass and the bursting hedges were gilded by the level rays of the sun.

• The grass: vegetation consisting of typically short plants [ðə græs]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• the bursting hedges: hedges that are full of new growth [ðə ˈbərstɪŋ ˈhɛʤɪz]
• were gilded: covered with a thin layer of gold or a golden color [wər ˈgɪldɪd]
• by: preposition indicating agency or means [baɪ]
• the level rays: rays of sunlight that are nearly horizontal [ðə ˈlɛvəl reɪz]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• the sun: the star that provides light and heat to Earth [ðə sən]

Never had the farm-and with a kind of surprise they remembered that it was their own farm, every inch of it their own property-appeared to the animals so desirable a place.

• Never: at no time; not ever [ˈnɛvər]
• had: auxiliary verb used to form the past perfect tense [hæd]
• the farm: an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops or raising animals [ðə fɑrm]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• with: preposition indicating accompaniment or possession [wɪθ]
• a kind: a type or sort [ə kaɪnd]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• surprise: a feeling of wonder or astonishment [səˈpraɪz]
• they: pronoun referring to the animals [ðeɪ]
• remembered: recalled to mind [rɪˈmɛmbərd]
• that: conjunction introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]
• it: pronoun referring to the farm [ɪt]
• was: past tense of 'is' [wɑz]
• their own farm: the farm belonging to them [ðɛr oʊn fɑrm]
• every inch: every part; completely [ˈɛvəri ɪnʧ]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• it: pronoun referring to the farm [ɪt]
• their own property: something owned by them [ðɛr oʊn ˈprɑpərti]
• appeared: seemed; gave the impression of being [əˈpɪrd]
• to: preposition indicating direction or purpose [tɪ]
• the animals: plural of animal, referring to the creatures on the farm [ðə ˈænəməlz]
• so desirable: very attractive or appealing [soʊ dɪˈzaɪərəbəl]
• a place: a particular position or area [ə pleɪs]

As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears.

• As: as, when [ɛz]
• Clover: name of a character, a mare on the farm [ˈkloʊvər]
• looked down: directed her gaze downward [lʊkt daʊn]
• the hillside: the side of a hill [ðə ˈhɪlˌsaɪd]
• her: possessive pronoun referring to Clover [hər]
• eyes: organs of sight [aɪz]
• filled: became full [fɪld]
• with tears: drops of liquid from the eyes, often due to sadness [wɪθ tɪrz]

If she could have spoken her thoughts, it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race.

• If: conditional conjunction [ɪf]
• she: pronoun referring to Clover [ʃi]
• could: auxiliary verb expressing possibility or ability in the past [kʊd]
• have spoken: to have uttered words [hæv ˈspoʊkən]
• her: possessive pronoun referring to Clover [hər]
• thoughts: ideas or opinions [θɔts]
• it: pronoun referring to what she would have said [ɪt]
• would: auxiliary verb used to express a conditional or hypothetical situation [wʊd]
• have been: to have existed or occurred [hæv bɪn]
• to say: to express in words [tɪ seɪ]
• that: conjunction introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]
• this: pronoun referring to the current situation [ðɪs]
• was: past tense of 'is' [wɑz]
• not: negative particle [nɑt]
• what: pronoun referring to something previously mentioned or understood [wət]
• they: pronoun referring to the animals [ðeɪ]
• had aimed at: intended to achieve [hæd eɪmd æt]
• when: at the time that [wɪn]
• they: pronoun referring to the animals [ðeɪ]
• had set themselves: had committed themselves [hæd sɛt ðɛmˈsɛlvz]
• years ago: a long time in the past [jɪrz əˈgoʊ]
• to work: to exert effort; to perform a task [tɪ wərk]
• for: preposition indicating purpose or reason [fər]
• the overthrow: the removal from power; the defeat [ðə ˈoʊvərθˌroʊ]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• the human race: all of humankind [ðə ˈjumən reɪs]

These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first stirred them to rebellion.

• These scenes: particular views or events [ðiz sinz]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• terror: extreme fear [ˈtɛrər]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• slaughter: the killing of animals for food; massacre [sˈlɔtər]
• were: past tense plural of 'to be' [wər]
• not: negative particle [nɑt]
• what: pronoun referring to something previously mentioned or understood [wət]
• they: pronoun referring to the animals [ðeɪ]
• had looked forward to: anticipated with pleasure [hæd lʊkt ˈfɔrwərd tɪ]
• on: preposition indicating time or location [ɔn]
• that: demonstrative adjective referring to a specific time [ðət]
• night: the period from dusk to dawn [naɪt]
• when: at the time that [wɪn]
• old Major: name of a character, an old boar [oʊld ˈmeɪʤər]
• first: before all others [fərst]
• stirred: roused; incited [stərd]
• them: pronoun referring to the animals [ðɛm]
• to rebellion: open resistance to authority [tɪ rɪˈbɛljən]

If she herself had had any picture of the future, it had been of a society of animals set free from hunger and the whip, all equal, each working according to his capacity, the strong protecting the weak, as she had protected the lost brood of ducklings with her foreleg on the night of Major's speech.

• If: conditional conjunction [ɪf]
• she: pronoun referring to Clover [ʃi]
• herself: reflexive pronoun emphasizing 'she' [hərˈsɛlf]
• had had: to have possessed [hæd hæd]
• any picture: any mental image [ˈɛni ˈpɪkʧər]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• the future: the time yet to come [ðə fˈjuʧər]
• it: pronoun referring to the picture [ɪt]
• had been: to have existed or occurred [hæd bɪn]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• a society: a group of individuals living together in an organized way [ə soʊˈsaɪɪti]
• of animals: a group of animals [əv ˈænəməlz]
• set free: released from captivity or control [sɛt fri]
• from: preposition indicating origin or source [frəm]
• hunger: the feeling of needing to eat [ˈhəŋgər]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• the whip: a tool used for striking animals or people [ðə wɪp]
• all: every one of [ɔl]
• equal: being the same in quantity, size, degree, or value [ˈikwəl]
• each: every one of two or more people or things, regarded and identified separately [iʧ]
• working: exerting effort; performing a task [ˈwərkɪŋ]
• according to: in a manner that is consistent with [əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ]
• his capacity: the ability or power to do something [hɪz kəˈpæsɪti]
• the strong: those who are physically or mentally powerful [ðə strɔŋ]
• protecting: keeping safe from harm or injury [prəˈtɛktɪŋ]
• the weak: those who are physically or mentally vulnerable [ðə wik]
• as: in the same way that [ɛz]
• she: pronoun referring to Clover [ʃi]
• had protected: to have kept safe from harm or injury [hæd prəˈtɛktɪd]
• the lost brood: a group of young birds that have strayed [ðə lɔst brud]
• of ducklings: young ducks [əv ˈdəklɪŋz]
• with: preposition indicating accompaniment or possession [wɪθ]
• her foreleg: one of the front legs of an animal [hər foreleg]
• on: preposition indicating location or time [ɔn]
• the night: the period from dusk to dawn [ðə naɪt]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• Major's speech: the speech given by the character Major [ˈmeɪʤərz spiʧ]

Instead – she did not know why-they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind, when fierce, growling dogs roamed everywhere, and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes.

• Instead: as an alternative; in place of something else [ˌɪnˈstɛd]
• she: pronoun referring to Clover [ʃi]
• did: auxiliary verb used to form negation [dɪd]
• not: negative particle [nɑt]
• know: to be aware of; to understand [noʊ]
• why: for what reason or purpose [waɪ]
• they: pronoun referring to the animals [ðeɪ]
• had come: to have arrived [hæd kəm]
• to: preposition indicating direction or purpose [tɪ]
• a time: a point in time [ə taɪm]
• when: at which [wɪn]
• no one: not a single person [noʊ wən]
• dared: to have the courage to do something [dɛrd]
• speak: to utter words [spik]
• his mind: one's thoughts or opinions [hɪz maɪnd]
• when: at which [wɪn]
• fierce: having or displaying an intense aggressiveness [fɪrs]
• growling: making a low, guttural sound [ˈgroʊlɪŋ]
• dogs: domesticated carnivorous mammals [dɔgz]
• roamed: moved about without a specific purpose or direction [roʊmd]
• everywhere: in every place [ˈɛvriˌwɛr]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• when: at which [wɪn]
• you: pronoun referring to people in general [ju]
• had to: was obliged to [hæd tɪ]
• watch: to look at attentively [wɔʧ]
• your comrades: fellow members of a group or team [jʊr ˈkɑmˌrædz]
• torn to pieces: violently separated into fragments [tɔrn tɪ ˈpisɪz]
• after: subsequent to; following [ˈæftər]
• confessing: admitting to a crime or wrongdoing [kənˈfɛsɪŋ]
• to: preposition indicating direction or purpose [tɪ]
• shocking crimes: crimes that cause great offense or disgust [ˈʃɑkɪŋ kraɪmz]

There was no thought of rebellion or disobedience in her mind.

• There: used to indicate the existence or presence of something [ðɛr]
• was: past tense of 'is' [wɑz]
• no thought: no consideration or idea [noʊ θɔt]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• rebellion: an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler [rɪˈbɛljən]
• or: conjunction used to connect alternatives [ər]
• disobedience: failure or refusal to obey rules or someone in authority [ˌdɪsəˈbidiəns]
• in: preposition indicating location or condition [ɪn]
• her mind: her thoughts or opinions [hər maɪnd]

She knew that even as things were they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones, and that before all else it was needful to prevent the return of the human beings.

• She: pronoun referring to Clover [ʃi]
• knew: was aware of; understood [nu]
• that: conjunction introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]
• even as: even while [ˈivɪn ɛz]
• things: circumstances; conditions [θɪŋz]
• were: past tense plural of 'to be' [wər]
• they: pronoun referring to the animals [ðeɪ]
• were far better off: were in a much better situation [wər fɑr ˈbɛtər ɔf]
• than: used to make comparisons [ðən]
• they: pronoun referring to the animals [ðeɪ]
• had been: to have existed or occurred [hæd bɪn]
• in: preposition indicating location or time [ɪn]
• the days: a period of time [ðə deɪz]
• of Jones: referring to Mr. Jones, the former owner of the farm [əv ʤoʊnz]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• that: conjunction introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]
• before all else: more than anything else [ˌbiˈfɔr ɔl ɛls]
• it: pronoun referring to something previously mentioned or understood [ɪt]
• was: past tense of 'is' [wɑz]
• needful: necessary; essential [ˈnidfəl]
• to prevent: to stop something from happening [tɪ prɪˈvɛnt]
• the return: the act of coming back [ðə rɪˈtərn]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or origin [əv]
• the human beings: people [ðə ˈjumən biɪŋz]

Whatever happened she would remain faithful, work hard, carry out the orders that were given to her, and accept the leadership of Napoleon.

• Whatever: no matter what [ˌwəˈtɛvər]
• happened: took place; occurred [ˈhæpənd]
• she: pronoun referring to Clover [ʃi]
• would: auxiliary verb used to express a conditional or hypothetical situation [wʊd]
• remain: stay; continue to be [rɪˈmeɪn]
• faithful: loyal; steadfast [ˈfeɪθfəl]
• work hard: exert effort; perform tasks diligently [wərk hɑrd]
• carry out: execute; perform [ˈkɛri aʊt]
• the orders: instructions; commands [ðə ˈɔrdərz]
• that: conjunction introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]
• were given: to have been issued [wər ˈgɪvɪn]
• to: preposition indicating direction or purpose [tɪ]
• her: pronoun referring to Clover [hər]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• accept: to receive willingly [əkˈsɛpt]
• the leadership: the position of leading or guiding a group [ðə ˈlidərˌʃɪp]
• of Napoleon: referring to the pig Napoleon, a leader on the farm [əv nəˈpoʊljən]

But still, it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled.

• But: conjunction used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts something that has been said previously [bət]
• still: nevertheless; despite that [stɪl]
• it: pronoun referring to the current situation [ɪt]
• was: past tense of 'is' [wɑz]
• not: negative particle [nɑt]
• for this: not for this reason or purpose [fər ðɪs]
• that: conjunction introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]
• she: pronoun referring to Clover [ʃi]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• all: every one of [ɔl]
• the other animals: the remaining animals [ðə ˈəðər ˈænəməlz]
• had hoped: to have wished for something to happen [hæd hoʊpt]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• toiled: worked extremely hard [tɔɪld]

It was not for this that they had built the windmill and faced the pellets of Jones's gun.

• It: pronoun referring to the current situation [ɪt]
• was: past tense of 'is' [wɑz]
• not: negative particle [nɑt]
• for this: not for this reason or purpose [fər ðɪs]
• that: conjunction introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]
• they: pronoun referring to the animals [ðeɪ]
• had built: to have constructed [hæd bɪlt]
• the windmill: a building with sails that are turned by the wind to grind grain or generate electricity [ðə ˈwɪndˌmɪl]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• faced: confronted; dealt with [feɪst]
• the pellets: small, hard balls of ammunition [ðə ˈpɛləts]
• of Jones's gun: the bullets fired from Mr. Jones's gun [əv ˈʤoʊnzɪz gən]

Such were her thoughts, though she lacked the words to express them.

• Such: of the type previously mentioned [səʧ]
• were: past tense plural of 'to be' [wər]
• her thoughts: her ideas or opinions [hər θɔts]
• though: although; even though [ðoʊ]
• she: pronoun referring to Clover [ʃi]
• lacked: did not have [lækt]
• the words: the vocabulary [ðə wərdz]
• to express: to convey in words [tɪ ɪkˈsprɛs]
• them: pronoun referring to her thoughts [ðɛm]