The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway- page 43

After a while the fish stopped beating at the wire and started circling slowly again.

• After: following in time [ˈæftər]
• a while: a period of time [ə waɪl]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific fish [ðə]
• fish: an aquatic animal [fɪʃ]
• stopped: ceased or discontinued [stɑpt]
• beating: striking repeatedly [ˈbitɪŋ]
• at: preposition indicating direction or location [æt]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific wire [ðə]
• wire: a thin, flexible strand of metal [waɪər]
• and: conjunction, connecting two clauses [ənd]
• started: began [ˈstɑrtɪd]
• circling: moving in a circular path [ˈsərkəlɪŋ]
• slowly: at a slow pace [sˈloʊli]
• again: once more [əˈgɛn]

The old man was gaining line steadily now.

• The: definite article, referring to a specific old man [ðə]
• old: advanced in age [oʊld]
• man: an adult male human [mæn]
• was gaining: was increasing or obtaining [wɑz ˈgeɪnɪŋ]
• line: fishing line [laɪn]
• steadily: constantly and gradually [ˈstɛdəli]
• now: at the present time [naʊ]

But he felt faint again.

• But: conjunction, introducing a contrast [bət]
• he: referring to the old man [hi]
• felt: experienced a sensation [fɛlt]
• faint: weak or dizzy [feɪnt]
• again: once more [əˈgɛn]

He lifted some sea water with his left hand and put it on his head.

• He: referring to the old man [hi]
• lifted: raised or elevated [ˈlɪftɪd]
• some: an unspecified amount of [səm]
• sea: saltwater from the ocean [si]
• water: liquid [ˈwɔtər]
• with: using [wɪθ]
• his: belonging to the old man [hɪz]
• left: the opposite of right [lɛft]
• hand: the part of the body at the end of the arm [hænd]
• and: conjunction, connecting two clauses [ənd]
• put: placed [pʊt]
• it: referring to the sea water [ɪt]
• on: onto the surface of [ɔn]
• his: belonging to the old man [hɪz]
• head: the upper part of the body [hɛd]

Then he put more on and rubbed the back of his neck.

• Then: after that [ðɛn]
• he: referring to the old man [hi]
• put: placed [pʊt]
• more: a greater amount [mɔr]
• on: onto the surface of [ɔn]
• and: conjunction, connecting two clauses [ənd]
• rubbed: applied pressure and friction [rəbd]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific back [ðə]
• back: the rear part [bæk]
• of: indicating possession or association [əv]
• his: belonging to the old man [hɪz]
• neck: the part of the body connecting the head and torso [nɛk]

''I have no cramps,'' he said. ''He'll be up soon and I can last.

• I: Quotation marks indicating the start of dialogue, followed by the pronoun 'I', referring to the speaker [aɪ]
• have: to possess or experience something [hæv]
• no cramps: experiencing no muscle spasms or contractions, followed by quotation marks indicating the end of the statement [noʊ kræmps]
• he: pronoun referring to a male individual [hi]
• said: past tense of the verb 'to say', indicating that the speaker uttered the previous words, followed by a period to end the sentence [sɛd]
• He'll: Quotation marks indicating the start of dialogue, followed by a contraction of 'he will', where 'he' refers to a male individual [hil]
• be: auxiliary verb indicating a future state or action [bi]
• up: to rise or get out of bed [əp]
• soon: in a short time; shortly [sun]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• I: pronoun referring to the speaker [aɪ]
• can: auxiliary verb indicating ability or possibility [kən]
• last: to endure or survive, followed by a period to end the sentence [læst]

You have to last.

• You: pronoun referring to the person being addressed [ju]
• have: to possess or experience something [hæv]
• to: preposition indicating direction or purpose [tɪ]
• last: to endure or survive, followed by a period to end the sentence [læst]

He kneeled against the bow and, for a moment, slipped the line over his back again.

• He: pronoun referring to a male individual [hi]
• kneeled: past tense of the verb 'to kneel', meaning to be in a position with one or both knees on the ground [kneeled]
• against: in opposition to or in contact with [əˈgɛnst]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• bow: the front part of a boat [boʊ]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• for: preposition indicating purpose or duration [fər]
• a: indefinite article, referring to a non-specific noun [ə]
• moment: a brief period of time, followed by a comma [ˈmoʊmənt]
• slipped: past tense of the verb 'to slip', meaning to slide unintentionally [slɪpt]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• line: a rope or cord used for various purposes, such as fishing [laɪn]
• over: above or across [ˈoʊvər]
• his: possessive pronoun, referring to a male individual [hɪz]
• back: the rear part of the body [bæk]
• again: once more; another time, followed by a period to end the sentence [əˈgɛn]

I'll rest now while he goes out on the circle and then stand up and work on him when he comes in, he decided.

• I'll: contraction of 'I will', indicating a future action [aɪl]
• rest: to cease from activity; to relax [rɛst]
• now: at the present time [naʊ]
• while: during the time that [waɪl]
• he: pronoun referring to a male individual [hi]
• goes: present tense of the verb 'to go', meaning to move or travel [goʊz]
• out: away from the inside [aʊt]
• on: preposition indicating location or direction [ɔn]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• circle: a round shape or course [ˈsərkəl]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• then: at that time; after that [ðɛn]
• stand: to be in an upright position [stænd]
• up: to rise to an upright position [əp]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• work: to exert effort; to perform a task [wərk]
• on: preposition indicating focus or target [ɔn]
• him: pronoun referring to a male individual [ɪm]
• when: at the time that [wɪn]
• he: pronoun referring to a male individual [hi]
• comes: present tense of the verb 'to come', meaning to approach or arrive [kəmz]
• in: toward the inside, followed by a comma [ɪn]
• he: pronoun referring to a male individual [hi]
• decided: past tense of the verb 'to decide', meaning to make a choice or determination, followed by a period to end the sentence [ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd]

It was a great temptation to rest in the bow and let the fish make one circle by himself without recovering any line.

• It: pronoun referring to a situation or condition [ɪt]
• was: past tense of the verb 'to be' [wɑz]
• a: indefinite article, referring to a non-specific noun [ə]
• great: of considerable size, intensity, or degree [greɪt]
• temptation: the desire to do something, especially something wrong or unwise [tɛmˈteɪʃən]
• to: preposition indicating purpose or direction [tɪ]
• rest: to cease from activity; to relax [rɛst]
• in: preposition indicating location or containment [ɪn]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• bow: the front part of a boat [boʊ]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• let: to allow or permit [lɛt]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• fish: an aquatic animal [fɪʃ]
• make: to create or produce [meɪk]
• one: the number 1 [wən]
• circle: a round shape or course [ˈsərkəl]
• by: preposition indicating means or agent [baɪ]
• himself: reflexive pronoun, referring to a male individual alone [hɪmˈsɛlf]
• without: in the absence of [wɪˈθaʊt]
• recovering: to regain or retrieve [rɪˈkəvərɪŋ]
• any: some or any amount of [ˈɛni]
• line: a rope or cord used for various purposes, such as fishing, followed by a period to end the sentence [laɪn]

But when the strain showed the fish had turned to come toward the boat, the old man rose to his feet and started the pivoting and the weaving pulling that brought in all the line he gained.

• But: conjunction used to introduce a contrasting statement [bət]
• when: at the time that [wɪn]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• strain: a force tending to pull or stretch something to an extreme or damaging degree [streɪn]
• showed: past tense of the verb 'to show', meaning to reveal or indicate [ʃoʊd]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• fish: an aquatic animal [fɪʃ]
• had: auxiliary verb indicating past perfect tense [hæd]
• turned: past participle of the verb 'to turn', meaning to change direction [tərnd]
• to: preposition indicating direction or purpose [tɪ]
• come: to approach or arrive [kəm]
• toward: in the direction of [təˈwɔrd]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• boat: a watercraft, followed by a comma [boʊt]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• old: having lived for a long time [oʊld]
• man: an adult male human [mæn]
• rose: past tense of the verb 'to rise', meaning to get up [roʊz]
• to: preposition indicating direction or purpose [tɪ]
• his: possessive pronoun, referring to a male individual [hɪz]
• feet: plural of 'foot', the lower part of the leg [fit]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• started: past tense of the verb 'to start', meaning to begin [ˈstɑrtɪd]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• pivoting: the action of turning on a point [ˈpɪvətɪŋ]
• and: conjunction used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• weaving: the action of interlacing threads or strands [ˈwivɪŋ]
• pulling: the action of exerting force to draw something toward oneself [ˈpʊlɪŋ]
• that: relative pronoun referring to the previous action [ðət]
• brought: past tense of the verb 'to bring', meaning to cause to come with someone [brɔt]
• in: toward the inside [ɪn]
• all: the whole quantity or extent of [ɔl]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific noun [ðə]
• line: a rope or cord used for various purposes, such as fishing [laɪn]
• he: pronoun referring to a male individual [hi]
• gained: past tense of the verb 'to gain', meaning to obtain or acquire, followed by a period to end the sentence [geɪnd]

I'm tireder than I have ever been, he thought, and now the trade wind is rising.

• I'm: contraction of 'I am' [əm]
• tireder: more tired; comparative form of 'tired' [tireder]
• than: used to introduce the second element in a comparison [ðən]
• I have ever been: a phrase indicating a state or condition that surpasses all previous experiences [aɪ hæv ˈɛvər bɪn]
• he thought: indicates the preceding words were the character's internal thoughts [hi θɔt]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• now: at the present time [naʊ]
• the trade wind: a wind blowing steadily toward the equator from the northeast in the northern hemisphere or the southeast in the southern hemisphere, especially at sea [ðə treɪd wɪnd]
• is rising: increasing in strength or intensity [ɪz ˈraɪzɪŋ]

But that will be good to take him in with.

• But: conjunction indicating contrast [bət]
• that: referring to the rising trade wind [ðət]
• will be: future tense of 'to be' [wɪl bi]
• good: beneficial or advantageous [gʊd]
• to take him in with: to help him return or come closer to shore [tɪ teɪk ɪm ɪn wɪθ]

I need that badly.

• I need: expresses a requirement or necessity [aɪ nid]
• that: referring to the help from the trade wind [ðət]
• badly: very much; greatly [ˈbædli]

''I'll rest on the next turn as he goes out,'' he said. ''I feel much better.

• I'll: contraction of 'I will' [aɪl]
• rest: to cease work or movement in order to relax, refresh oneself, or recover strength [rɛst]
• on: indicating a surface or position [ɔn]
• the next turn: the following change in direction or rotation [ðə nɛkst tərn]
• as: while; during the time that [ɛz]
• he goes out: as the fish swims away from the boat [hi goʊz aʊt]
• he said: indicates who is speaking [hi sɛd]
• I feel: expresses a sensation or emotion [aɪ fil]
• much: to a great extent or degree [məʧ]
• better: in a more satisfactory condition [ˈbɛtər]

His straw hat was far on the back of his head and he sank down into the bow with the pull of the line as he felt the fish turn.

• His: belonging to him [hɪz]
• straw hat: a hat made of straw [strɔ hæt]
• was: past tense of 'to be' [wɑz]
• far: at a great distance [fɑr]
• on: located upon [ɔn]
• the back of his head: the rear part of his head [ðə bæk əv hɪz hɛd]
• and: conjunction connecting clauses [ənd]
• he sank down: he lowered himself [hi sæŋk daʊn]
• into: expressing movement or direction inward [ˈɪntu]
• the bow: the front part of a boat [ðə boʊ]
• with: accompanied by [wɪθ]
• the pull of the line: the force exerted by the fishing line [ðə pʊl əv ðə laɪn]
• as: while; at the same time that [ɛz]
• he felt: he sensed [hi fɛlt]
• the fish turn: the fish changing direction [ðə fɪʃ tərn]

You work now, fish, he thought.

• You: referring to the fish [ju]
• work: exert effort; struggle [wərk]
• now: at this moment [naʊ]
• fish: addressing the fish [fɪʃ]
• he thought: indicates internal monologue [hi θɔt]

I'll take you at the turn.

• I'll: contraction of 'I will' [aɪl]
• take: to seize or capture [teɪk]
• you: referring to the fish [ju]
• at: at the time of [æt]
• the turn: when the fish changes direction [ðə tərn]

The sea had risen considerably.

• The sea: the body of salt water that covers most of the earth [ðə si]
• had risen: past perfect tense of 'to rise', indicating an increase in water level [hæd ˈrɪzən]
• considerably: to a significant extent or degree [kənˈsɪdərəbli]

But it was a fair-weather breeze and he had to have it to get home.

• But: conjunction indicating contrast [bət]
• it: referring to the breeze [ɪt]
• was: past tense of 'to be' [wɑz]
• a fair-weather breeze: a gentle wind associated with good weather [ə fair-weather briz]
• and: conjunction connecting clauses [ənd]
• he had to have it: he needed it [hi hæd tɪ hæv ɪt]
• to get home: to return to his residence [tɪ gɪt hoʊm]

''I'll just steer south and west,'' he said.

• I'll: Contraction of 'I will', indicating a future action by the speaker [aɪl]
• just: merely; simply [ʤɪst]
• steer: to control the direction in which a vehicle or vessel moves [stɪr]
• south: the direction towards the south [saʊθ]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• west: the direction towards the west [wɛst]
• he: referring to a male person or animal already mentioned or known [hi]
• said: past tense of 'say', to utter words [sɛd]

It was on the third turn that he saw the fish first.

• It: refers to a situation or event [ɪt]
• was: past tense of 'be' [wɑz]
• on: indicating a surface or position [ɔn]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• third: the number three in a sequence [θərd]
• turn: an act of moving around or changing direction [tərn]
• that: introduces a subordinate clause [ðət]
• he: referring to a male person or animal already mentioned or known [hi]
• saw: past tense of 'see', to perceive with the eyes [sɔ]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• fish: a limbless cold-blooded vertebrate animal with gills and fins and living wholly in water [fɪʃ]
• first: before all others in time or order [fərst]

He saw him first as a dark shadow that took so long to pass under the boat that he could not believe its length.

• He: referring to a male person or animal already mentioned or known [hi]
• saw: past tense of 'see', to perceive with the eyes [sɔ]
• him: referring to a male person or animal already mentioned or known [ɪm]
• first: before all others in time or order [fərst]
• as: used to indicate that someone or something is known by the name or title that follows [ɛz]
• a: indefinite article, referring to any member of a class or group [ə]
• dark: with little or no light [dɑrk]
• shadow: a dark area or shape produced by a body coming between rays of light and a surface [ˈʃæˌdoʊ]
• that: introduces a subordinate clause [ðət]
• took: past tense of 'take', to seize or capture [tʊk]
• so: to such a great extent [soʊ]
• long: measuring a great distance from end to end [lɔŋ]
• to: expressing motion in the direction of (a particular location [tɪ]
• pass: move or proceed onward or in a specific direction [pæs]
• under: extending or directly below [ˈəndər]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• boat: a small vessel for travelling on water [boʊt]
• that: introduces a subordinate clause [ðət]
• he: referring to a male person or animal already mentioned or known [hi]
• could: past tense of 'can', expressing possibility [kʊd]
• not: expressing negation [nɑt]
• believe: accept (something) as true; feel sure of the truth of (something [bɪˈliv]
• its: belonging to or associated with a thing previously mentioned or easily identified [ɪts]
• length: the measurement or extent of something from end to end [lɛŋθ]

''No,'' he said.

• No: Expression of disagreement or refusal [noʊ]
• he: referring to a male person or animal already mentioned or known [hi]
• said: past tense of 'say', to utter words [sɛd]

But he was that big and at the end of this circle he came to the surface only thirty yards away and the man saw his tail out of water.

• But: used to introduce an added statement, usually something different from what you have said before [bət]
• he: referring to a male person or animal already mentioned or known [hi]
• was: past tense of 'be' [wɑz]
• that: to the extent or degree indicated [ðət]
• big: of considerable size, extent, or intensity [bɪg]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• at: expressing location or arrival in a particular place or position [æt]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• end: the final part of something [ɛnd]
• of: expressing the relationship between a part and a whole [əv]
• this: used to identify a specific thing or person observed or heard by the speaker [ðɪs]
• circle: a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference) consists of points equidistant from a fixed point (the centre [ˈsərkəl]
• he: referring to a male person or animal already mentioned or known [hi]
• came: past tense of 'come', to move or travel towards or into a place thought of as near or familiar to the speaker [keɪm]
• to: expressing motion in the direction of (a particular location [tɪ]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• surface: the outer part or uppermost layer of something [ˈsərfəs]
• only: and no one or nothing more besides [ˈoʊnli]
• thirty: the number equivalent to the product of three and ten; 30 [ˈθərˌdi]
• yards: a unit of linear measure equal to 3 feet (0.9144 metre [jɑrdz]
• away: to or at a distance from a particular place or person [əˈweɪ]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• man: an adult male human being [mæn]
• saw: past tense of 'see', to perceive with the eyes [sɔ]
• his: belonging to or associated with a male person or animal previously mentioned or easily identified [hɪz]
• tail: the hindmost part of an animal, especially when prolonged beyond the rest of the body [teɪl]
• out: away from the inside or centre [aʊt]
• of: expressing the relationship between a part and a whole [əv]
• water: the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is a major constituent of all living matter [ˈwɔtər]

It was higher than a big scythe blade and a very pale lavender above the dark blue water.

• It: referring to something previously mentioned or easily identified [ɪt]
• was: past tense of 'be' [wɑz]
• higher: at or to a greater height or level [haɪər]
• than: expressing comparison [ðən]
• a: indefinite article, referring to any member of a class or group [ə]
• big: of considerable size, extent, or intensity [bɪg]
• scythe: a tool with a long curved blade used for cutting crops such as grass or wheat [sɪθ]
• blade: the flat cutting edge of a tool or weapon [bleɪd]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• a: indefinite article, referring to any member of a class or group [ə]
• very: in a high degree [ˈvɛri]
• pale: light in colour or shade; containing little colour or pigment [peɪl]
• lavender: a pale purple colour [ˈlævəndər]
• above: extending upwards from [əˈbəv]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• dark: with little or no light [dɑrk]
• blue: of a colour such as that of a clear unclouded sky [blu]
• water: the liquid that descends from the clouds as rain, forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is a major constituent of all living matter [ˈwɔtər]

It raked back and as the fish swam just below the surface the old man could see his huge bulk and the purple stripes that banded him.

• It: referring to something previously mentioned or easily identified [ɪt]
• raked: scrape or gather (something) with a rake [reɪkt]
• back: towards the place or direction behind [bæk]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• as: used to indicate that someone or something is known by the name or title that follows [ɛz]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• fish: a limbless cold-blooded vertebrate animal with gills and fins and living wholly in water [fɪʃ]
• swam: past tense of 'swim', to propel oneself through water by using the limbs or fins or tail [swæm]
• just: exactly [ʤɪst]
• below: at a lower level or layer than [bɪˈloʊ]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• surface: the outer part or uppermost layer of something [ˈsərfəs]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• old: having lived for a long time; no longer young [oʊld]
• man: an adult male human being [mæn]
• could: past tense of 'can', expressing possibility [kʊd]
• see: perceive with the eyes; discern visually [si]
• his: belonging to or associated with a male person or animal previously mentioned or easily identified [hɪz]
• huge: extremely large; enormous [juʤ]
• bulk: the mass or size of something large [bəlk]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• the: definite article, referring to a specific thing [ðə]
• purple: a colour intermediate between red and blue [ˈpərpəl]
• stripes: a long narrow band or strip, typically of a different colour or texture from the surrounding material [straɪps]
• that: introduces a subordinate clause [ðət]
• banded: adorned or marked with bands [ˈbændɪd]
• him: referring to a male person or animal already mentioned or known [ɪm]

His dorsal fin was down and his huge pectorals were spread wide.

• His: belonging to or associated with a male person or animal previously mentioned or easily identified [hɪz]
• dorsal: relating to the upper side or back of an animal, plant, or organ [ˈdɔrsəl]
• fin: a flattened appendage on various parts of the body of many aquatic vertebrates, used for propelling, steering, or balancing in the water [fɪn]
• was: past tense of 'be' [wɑz]
• down: towards or in a lower place or position, especially to the ground or floor [daʊn]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• his: belonging to or associated with a male person or animal previously mentioned or easily identified [hɪz]
• huge: extremely large; enormous [juʤ]
• pectorals: relating to the breast or chest [pectorals]
• were: past tense of 'be', plural [wər]
• spread: open out (something) so that it covers a wider area [sprɛd]
• wide: having a specified extent from side to side [waɪd]