The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway- page 56

The other shark had been in and out and now came in again with his jaws wide.

• The other shark: Refers to a second shark, different from one previously mentioned [ðə ˈəðər ʃɑrk]
• had been in and out: Indicates that the shark had been moving back and forth, sometimes present and sometimes absent [hæd bɪn ɪn ənd aʊt]
• and now came in again: The shark returned to the scene [ənd naʊ keɪm ɪn əˈgɛn]
• with his jaws wide: The shark's mouth was open broadly, ready to bite [wɪθ hɪz ʤɔz waɪd]

The old man could see pieces of the meat of the fish spilling white from the corner of his jaws as he bumped the fish and closed his jaws.

• The old man: Refers to the main character, an elderly man [ðə oʊld mæn]
• could see: Was able to observe [kʊd si]
• pieces of the meat of the fish: Fragments of the fish's flesh [ˈpisɪz əv ðə mit əv ðə fɪʃ]
• spilling white: The meat was light in color and falling out [ˈspɪlɪŋ waɪt]
• from the corner of his jaws: Escaping from the side of the shark's mouth [frəm ðə ˈkɔrnər əv hɪz ʤɔz]
• as he bumped the fish: While the shark collided with the fish [ɛz hi bəmpt ðə fɪʃ]
• and closed his jaws: The shark bit down on the fish [ənd kloʊzd hɪz ʤɔz]

He swung at him and hit only the head and the shark looked at him and wrenched the meat loose.

• He swung at him: The old man attempted to hit the shark [hi swəŋ æt ɪm]
• and hit only the head: The strike landed solely on the shark's head [ənd hɪt ˈoʊnli ðə hɛd]
• and the shark looked at him: The shark turned its gaze towards the old man [ənd ðə ʃɑrk lʊkt æt ɪm]
• and wrenched the meat loose: The shark forcefully tore the flesh away [ənd rɛnʧt ðə mit lus]

The old man swung the club down on him again as he slipped away to swallow and hit only the heavy solid rubberiness.

• The old man: Refers to the main character, an elderly man [ðə oʊld mæn]
• swung the club down on him again: The old man brought the club down forcefully on the shark once more [swəŋ ðə kləb daʊn ɔn ɪm əˈgɛn]
• as he slipped away to swallow: While the shark moved aside to ingest the meat [ɛz hi slɪpt əˈweɪ tɪ sˈwɔloʊ]
• and hit only the heavy solid rubberiness: The strike landed only on something that felt dense, firm, and like rubber [ənd hɪt ˈoʊnli ðə ˈhɛvi ˈsɑləd rubberiness]

''Come on, galano,'' the old man said. ''Come in again.''

• Come on, galano: An encouragement or challenge, 'galano' is a term of endearment or respect [kəm ɔn galano]
• the old man: Refers to the main character, an elderly man [ðə oʊld mæn]
• said: Spoke [sɛd]

The shark came in a rush and the old man hit him as he shut his jaws.

• The shark: Refers to the shark [ðə ʃɑrk]
• came in a rush: Approached quickly and aggressively [keɪm ɪn ə rəʃ]
• and the old man: Refers to the main character, an elderly man [ənd ðə oʊld mæn]
• hit him: Struck the shark [hɪt ɪm]
• as he shut his jaws: While the shark was closing its mouth [ɛz hi ʃət hɪz ʤɔz]

He hit him solidly and from as high up as he could raise the club.

• He hit him solidly: The strike was firm and impactful [hi hɪt ɪm ˈsɑlədli]
• and from as high up as he could raise the club: He swung the club from the highest point he could manage [ənd frəm ɛz haɪ əp ɛz hi kʊd reɪz ðə kləb]

This time he felt the bone at the base of the brain and he hit him again in the same place while the shark tore the meat loose sluggishly and slid down from the fish.

• This time: On this occasion [ðɪs taɪm]
• he felt the bone at the base of the brain: He could feel the shark's skull near its brain [hi fɛlt ðə boʊn æt ðə beɪs əv ðə breɪn]
• and he hit him again in the same place: He struck the shark again in the same location [ənd hi hɪt ɪm əˈgɛn ɪn ðə seɪm pleɪs]
• while the shark: During the time that the shark [waɪl ðə ʃɑrk]
• tore the meat loose sluggishly: Slowly and weakly ripped the flesh away [tɔr ðə mit lus sˈləgɪʃli]
• and slid down from the fish: Slipped off the fish [ənd slɪd daʊn frəm ðə fɪʃ]

The old man watched for him to come again but neither shark showed.

• The: Definite article, referring to a specific old man [ðə]
• old: Advanced in years; having lived for a long time [oʊld]
• man: An adult male human [mæn]
• watched: Looked at attentively for a period of time [wɔʧt]
• for: In anticipation of [fər]
• him: A male person previously mentioned [ɪm]
• to come: To arrive or appear [tɪ kəm]
• again: Once more; another time [əˈgɛn]
• but: A conjunction used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts something already said [bət]
• neither: Not one or the other of two people or things [ˈniðər]
• shark: A type of fish, often a predator [ʃɑrk]
• showed: Appeared; became visible [ʃoʊd]

Then he saw one on the surface swimming in circles.

• Then: After that; next [ðɛn]
• he: Referring to the old man [hi]
• saw: Perceived with the eyes [sɔ]
• one: A single shark [wən]
• on the surface: At the top of the water [ɔn ðə ˈsərfəs]
• swimming: Propelling oneself through water [sˈwɪmɪŋ]
• in circles: Moving in a circular path [ɪn ˈsərkəlz]

He did not see the fin of the other.

• He: Referring to the old man [hi]
• did not see: Was unable to see [dɪd nɑt si]
• the fin: A flat appendage on a fish used for balance and propulsion [ðə fɪn]
• of the other: Belonging to the other shark [əv ðə ˈəðər]

I could not expect to kill them, he thought.

• I: The speaker; the old man [aɪ]
• could not expect: Did not anticipate or believe it possible [kʊd nɑt ɪkˈspɛkt]
• to kill: To cause the death of [tɪ kɪl]
• them: Referring to the sharks [ðɛm]
• he: The old man [hi]
• thought: Reflected; considered [θɔt]

I could have in my time.

• I: The speaker; the old man [aɪ]
• could have: Would have been able to [kʊd hæv]
• in my time: During my prime; when I was younger and stronger [ɪn maɪ taɪm]

But I have hurt them both badly and neither one can feel very good.

• But: A conjunction introducing a contrasting statement [bət]
• I: The speaker; the old man [aɪ]
• have hurt: Have caused injury to [hæv hərt]
• them: Referring to the sharks [ðɛm]
• both: The two sharks [boʊθ]
• badly: Severely; to a great extent [ˈbædli]
• and: A conjunction connecting two related statements [ənd]
• neither one: Not either of the two [ˈniðər wən]
• can feel: Is able to experience [kən fil]
• very good: Pleasant or comfortable [ˈvɛri gʊd]

If I could have used a bat with two hands I could have killed the first one surely.

• If: A conditional conjunction [ɪf]
• I: The speaker; the old man [aɪ]
• could have used: Would have been able to use [kʊd hæv juzd]
• a bat: A wooden club used for striking [ə bæt]
• with two hands: Using both hands for greater force [wɪθ tu hænz]
• I: The speaker; the old man [aɪ]
• could have killed: Would have been able to kill [kʊd hæv kɪld]
• the first one: The first shark encountered [ðə fərst wən]
• surely: Without a doubt; certainly [ˈʃʊrli]

Even now, he thought.

• Even now: Even at this present time [ˈivɪn naʊ]
• he: The old man [hi]
• thought: Reflected; considered [θɔt]

He did not want to look at the fish.

• He: Referring to the old man [hi]
• did not want: Did not desire [dɪd nɑt wɔnt]
• to look: To direct one's gaze [tɪ lʊk]
• at the fish: At the marlin [æt ðə fɪʃ]

He knew that half of him had been destroyed.

• He: Referring to the old man [hi]
• knew: Was aware; understood [nu]
• that: Introducing a clause [ðət]
• half of him: Half of the fish's body [hæf əv ɪm]
• had been destroyed: Had been ruined or consumed [hæd bɪn dɪˈstrɔɪd]

The sun had gone down while he had been in the fight with the sharks.

• The sun: The star that provides light and heat to Earth [ðə sən]
• had gone down: Had set below the horizon [hæd gɔn daʊn]
• while: During the time that [waɪl]
• he: Referring to the old man [hi]
• had been: Was in the process of [hæd bɪn]
• in the fight: Engaged in combat [ɪn ðə faɪt]
• with the sharks: Against the sharks [wɪθ ðə ʃɑrks]

''It will be dark soon,'' he said. ''Then I should see the glow of Havana..

• It: Quotation marks indicating the start of dialogue, followed by 'It', referring to the approaching night [ɪt]
• will be: Future tense auxiliary verb indicating something that is going to happen [wɪl bi]
• dark: Absence of light [dɑrk]
• soon: In a short time; quickly, followed by quotation marks indicating the end of the sentence [sun]
• he: The subject of the sentence, referring to a male person [hi]
• said: Past tense of the verb 'to say', indicating that he spoke the words, followed by a period to end the sentence [sɛd]
• Then: Quotation marks indicating the start of a new sentence, followed by 'Then', indicating a sequence of events [ðɛn]
• I: The subject of the sentence, referring to the speaker [aɪ]
• should: Expressing a conditional or expected outcome [ʃʊd]
• see: To perceive with the eyes [si]
• the glow: A steady radiance of light [ðə gloʊ]
• of: Expressing the relationship between 'glow' and 'Havana' [əv]
• Havana: The capital city of Cuba, followed by an ellipsis indicating a pause or continuation of thought [həˈvænə]

I cannot be too far out now, he thought.

• I: The speaker or narrator [aɪ]
• cannot: Contraction of 'can not', indicating inability [ˈkænɑt]
• be: To exist or occur [bi]
• too: Excessively [tu]
• far: Distant [fɑr]
• out: Away from the shore or land [aʊt]
• now: At the present time, followed by a comma indicating a pause [naʊ]
• he: The subject of the sentence, referring to a male person [hi]
• thought: Past tense of the verb 'to think', indicating an internal thought, followed by a period to end the sentence [θɔt]

I hope no one has been too worried.

• I: The speaker or narrator [aɪ]
• hope: A feeling of expectation and desire [hoʊp]
• no: Not any [noʊ]
• one: A person [wən]
• has: Present perfect tense auxiliary verb [həz]
• been: Past participle of 'be' [bɪn]
• too: Excessively [tu]
• worried: Feeling or showing anxiety and concern, followed by a period to end the sentence [ˈwərid]

There is only the boy to worry, of course.

• There: Used to indicate the existence or presence of something [ðɛr]
• is: Present tense of the verb 'to be' [ɪz]
• only: Solely or exclusively [ˈoʊnli]
• the: Definite article [ðə]
• boy: A young male person [bɔɪ]
• to: Indicating purpose or direction [tɪ]
• worry: Feel or show anxiety and concern about actual or potential problems, followed by a comma indicating a pause [ˈwəri]
• of: Expressing the relationship between 'worry' and 'course' [əv]
• course: As might be expected; naturally, followed by a period to end the sentence [kɔrs]

But I am sure he would have confidence.

• But: Introducing a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously [bət]
• I: The speaker or narrator [aɪ]
• am: Present tense of the verb 'to be' [æm]
• sure: Confident in one's knowledge or belief [ʃʊr]
• he: Referring to the boy [hi]
• would: Expressing a conditional or possible action [wʊd]
• have: To possess [hæv]
• confidence: The feeling or belief that one can rely on someone or something; firm trust, followed by a period to end the sentence [ˈkɑnfədɛns]

Many of the older fishermen will worry.

• Many: A large number of [ˈmɛni]
• of: Indicating belonging or association [əv]
• the: Definite article [ðə]
• older: Having lived for a relatively long time [ˈoʊldər]
• fishermen: People who catch fish for a living or for sport [ˈfɪʃərmɪn]
• will: Expressing a future intention or event [wɪl]
• worry: Feel or show anxiety and concern about actual or potential problems, followed by a period to end the sentence [ˈwəri]

Many others too, he thought.

• Many: A large number of [ˈmɛni]
• others: Other people [ˈəðərz]
• too: In addition; also, followed by a comma indicating a pause [tu]
• he: The subject of the sentence, referring to a male person [hi]
• thought: Past tense of the verb 'to think', indicating an internal thought, followed by a period to end the sentence [θɔt]

I live in a good town.

• I: The speaker or narrator [aɪ]
• live: To have one's home in a particular place [lɪv]
• in: Expressing location or position [ɪn]
• a: Indefinite article [ə]
• good: To be desired or approved of [gʊd]
• town: An urban area that has a name, defined boundaries, and local government, followed by a period to end the sentence [taʊn]

He could not talk to the fish anymore because the fish had been ruined too badly.

• He: The subject of the sentence, referring to a male person [hi]
• could: Past tense of 'can', indicating ability or possibility in the past [kʊd]
• not: Expressing negation [nɑt]
• talk: To speak [tɔk]
• to: Expressing direction or purpose [tɪ]
• the: Definite article [ðə]
• fish: A cold-blooded aquatic animal [fɪʃ]
• anymore: No longer; not any more [ˌɛniˈmɔr]
• because: For the reason that [bɪˈkəz]
• the: Definite article [ðə]
• fish: A cold-blooded aquatic animal [fɪʃ]
• had: Past perfect tense auxiliary verb [hæd]
• been: Past participle of 'be' [bɪn]
• ruined: Damaged severely or irreparably [ruɪnd]
• too: Also or excessively [tu]
• badly: In a severe or harmful way, followed by a period to end the sentence [ˈbædli]

Then something came into his head.

• Then: At that time; next [ðɛn]
• something: An unspecified or indefinite thing [ˈsəmθɪŋ]
• came: Past tense of 'come', meaning to move or travel towards a place [keɪm]
• into: Expressing movement or action with the result that someone or something becomes enclosed or surrounded by something else [ˈɪntu]
• his: Belonging to him [hɪz]
• head: The part of the body above the neck where the brain is, followed by a period to end the sentence [hɛd]

''Half fish,'' he said. ''Fish that you were.

• Half fish: Referring to the fish being only half there, implying it has been partially eaten or damaged [hæf fɪʃ]
• he said: Indicates that the following words are spoken by a male character [hi sɛd]
• Fish that you were: Acknowledging the fish's past existence and identity [fɪʃ ðət ju wər]

I am sorry that I went too far out.

• I am sorry: Expressing regret or remorse [aɪ æm ˈsɑri]
• that I went too far out: Apologizing for venturing too far into the sea [ðət aɪ wɛnt tu fɑr aʊt]

I ruined us both.

• I ruined us both: Expressing the belief that his actions led to the downfall of himself and the fish [aɪ ruɪnd ˈjuˈɛs boʊθ]

But we have killed many sharks, you and I, and ruined many others.

• But we have killed many sharks: Acknowledging their shared history of killing sharks [bət wi hæv kɪld ˈmɛni ʃɑrks]
• you and I: Emphasizing the partnership between the speaker and the fish [ju ənd aɪ]
• and ruined many others: Acknowledging the negative impact they had on other creatures [ənd ruɪnd ˈmɛni ˈəðərz]

How many did you ever kill, old fish?

• How many did you ever kill, old fish: Questioning the fish about its past kills, showing respect and familiarity [haʊ ˈmɛni dɪd ju ˈɛvər kɪl oʊld fɪʃ]