IV
By(indicating a time or deadline [baɪ]) the late summer(the end of the summer season [ðə leɪt ˈsəmər]) the news(information about recent events [ðə nuz]) of(connecting 'news' to its subject [əv]) what had happened(the events that had occurred [wət hæd ˈhæpənd]) on(indicating the location [ɔn]) Animal Farm(the name of the farm [ˈænəməl fɑrm]) had spread(had become widely known [hæd sprɛd]) across(over a wide area [əˈkrɔs]) half the county(a significant portion of the county [hæf ðə ˈkaʊnti]). Every day(each day; daily [ˈɛvəri deɪ]) Snowball(name of a pig [sˈnoʊˌbɔl]) and(joining two names [ənd]) Napoleon(name of a pig [nəˈpoʊljən]) sent out(dispatched; released [sɛnt aʊt]) flights of pigeons(groups of pigeons flying together [flaɪts əv ˈpɪʤənz]) whose(possessive relative pronoun, referring to the pigeons [huz]) instructions(orders; directives [ˌɪnˈstrəkʃənz]) were(past tense of 'to be', linking the subject to the description [wər]) to mingle(to mix or associate [tɪ ˈmɪŋgəl]) with(in the company of [wɪθ]) the animals(animals in general [ðə ˈænəməlz]) on(located at [ɔn]) neighbouring farms(farms that are nearby [ˈneɪbərɪŋ fɑrmz]), tell(to communicate verbally [tɛl]) them(the animals on neighboring farms [ðɛm]) the story(the narrative [ðə ˈstɔri]) of(connecting 'story' to its subject [əv]) the Rebellion(the uprising against Mr. Jones [ðə rɪˈbɛljən]), and(joining two actions [ənd]) teach(to instruct or train [tiʧ]) them(the animals on neighboring farms [ðɛm]) the tune(the melody [ðə tun]) of(connecting 'tune' to its subject [əv]) Beasts of England(the name of the revolutionary song [bists əv ˈɪŋglənd]).
Most of this time(Denotes the majority of the aforementioned period [moʊst əv ðɪs taɪm]) Mr. Jones(The character's name, indicating a specific individual [ˈmɪstər ʤoʊnz]) had spent(Past perfect tense of 'spend', indicating an action completed before another time in the past [hæd spɛnt]) sitting(Being in a seated position [ˈsɪtɪŋ]) in the taproom(A room in a pub where alcoholic drinks are served [ɪn ðə taproom]) of the Red Lion(The name of a specific pub [əv ðə rɛd laɪən]) at Willingdon(The location of the pub, a specific place [æt willingdon]), complaining(Expressing dissatisfaction or resentment [kəmˈpleɪnɪŋ]) to anyone who would listen(To any person willing to hear his grievances [tɪ ˈɛniˌwən hu wʊd ˈlɪsən]) of the monstrous injustice(Referring to a perceived great unfairness or wrong [əv ðə ˈmɑnstrəs ˌɪnˈʤəstɪs]) he had suffered(Past perfect tense, indicating the injustice occurred before the time of speaking [hi hæd ˈsəfərd]) in being turned out(Being evicted or forced to leave [ɪn biɪŋ tərnd aʊt]) of his property(His land and possessions [əv hɪz ˈprɑpərti]) by a pack of good-for-nothing animals(A derogatory term for the animals, implying they are worthless [baɪ ə pæk əv good-for-nothing ˈænəməlz]). The other farmers(Other agricultural landowners in the area [ðə ˈəðər ˈfɑrmərz]) sympathised(Expressed feelings of pity or sorrow for someone else's misfortune [sympathised]) in principle(In theory or as a general idea, but not necessarily in practice [ɪn ˈprɪnsəpəl]), but they did not at first give him much help(Initially, they offered little assistance [bət ðeɪ dɪd nɑt æt fərst gɪv ɪm məʧ hɛlp]). At heart(In their true feelings or inner selves [æt hɑrt]), each of them(Every individual farmer [iʧ əv ðɛm]) was secretly wondering(Privately contemplating [wɑz ˈsikrɪtli ˈwəndərɪŋ]) whether he could not somehow turn Jones’s misfortune to his own advantage(If they could exploit Jones's situation for their own benefit [ˈwɛðər hi kʊd nɑt ˈsəmˌhaʊ tərn ˈʤoʊnzɪz mɪsˈfɔrʧən tɪ hɪz oʊn ædˈvæntɪʤ]). It was lucky(It was fortunate [ɪt wɑz ˈləki]) that the owners(The individuals who possess the land [ðət ðə ˈoʊnərz]) of the two farms(Referring to two specific agricultural lands [əv ðə tu fɑrmz]) which adjoined Animal Farm(That were next to Animal Farm [wɪʧ adjoined ˈænəməl fɑrm]) were on permanently bad terms(Had a continuous, negative relationship [wər ɔn ˈpərmɑˌnɛnˌtli bæd tərmz]). One of them(Referring to one of the two farms [wən əv ðɛm]), which was named Foxwood(The name of one of the farms [wɪʧ wɑz neɪmd ˈfɑksˌwʊd]), was a large, neglected, old-fashioned farm(A farm that is big, poorly maintained, and outdated [wɑz ə lɑrʤ nɪˈglɛktɪd ˌoʊldˈfæʃənd fɑrm]), much overgrown by woodland(Extensively covered with trees and shrubs [məʧ ˌoʊvərˈgroʊn baɪ ˈwʊˌdlænd]), with all its pastures worn out(The fields for grazing animals were depleted and unusable [wɪθ ɔl ɪts ˈpæsʧərz wɔrn aʊt]) and its hedges in a disgraceful condition(The boundary lines of bushes were poorly maintained [ənd ɪts ˈhɛʤɪz ɪn ə dɪsˈgreɪsfəl kənˈdɪʃən]). Its owner, Mr. Pilkington(The person who owns the farm, named Mr. Pilkington [ɪts ˈoʊnər ˈmɪstər ˈpɪlkɪŋtən]), was an easy-going gentleman farmer(A relaxed and wealthy farmer [wɑz ən easy-going ˈʤɛnəlmən ˈfɑrmər]) who spent most of his time(Dedicated the majority of his time [hu spɛnt moʊst əv hɪz taɪm]) in fishing or hunting(Engaging in recreational activities involving catching fish or animals [ɪn ˈfɪʃɪŋ ər ˈhəntɪŋ]) according to the season(Depending on the time of year [əˈkɔrdɪŋ tɪ ðə ˈsizən]). The other farm(The second of the two farms [ðə ˈəðər fɑrm]), which was called Pinchfield(The name of the other farm [wɪʧ wɑz kɔld pinchfield]), was smaller and better kept(Was more compact and well-maintained [wɑz sˈmɔlər ənd ˈbɛtər kɛpt]). Its owner was a Mr. Frederick(The person who owns the farm, named Mr. Frederick [ɪts ˈoʊnər wɑz ə ˈmɪstər ˈfrɛdərɪk]), a tough, shrewd man(A strong and clever individual [ə təf ʃrud mæn]), perpetually involved in lawsuits(Constantly engaged in legal disputes [pərˈpɛʧuəli ˌɪnˈvɑlvd ɪn ˈlɔˌsuts]) and with a name for driving hard bargains(Known for being a difficult negotiator [ənd wɪθ ə neɪm fər ˈdraɪvɪŋ hɑrd ˈbɑrgɪnz]). These two(Referring to Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick [ðiz tu]) disliked each other so much(Had a strong mutual aversion [dɪsˈlaɪkt iʧ ˈəðər soʊ məʧ]) that it was difficult(It was challenging [ðət ɪt wɑz ˈdɪfəkəlt]) for them to come to any agreement(To reach a consensus or understanding [fər ðɛm tɪ kəm tɪ ˈɛni əˈgrimənt]), even in defence of their own interests(Even when it would benefit them to cooperate [ˈivɪn ɪn dɪˈfɛns əv ðɛr oʊn ˈɪntərɪsts]).
Nevertheless(in spite of that; notwithstanding [ˌnɛvərðəˈlɛs]), they(referring to Frederick and Pilkington [ðeɪ]) were(past tense of 'to be' [wər]) both(referring to Frederick and Pilkington as a pair [boʊθ]) thoroughly(completely; utterly [ˈθəroʊli]) frightened(filled with fear; scared [ˈfraɪtənd]) by(indicating the cause or agent [baɪ]) the rebellion(an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler [ðə rɪˈbɛljən]) on(indicating location or context [ɔn]) Animal Farm(the name of the farm where the animals rebelled [ˈænəməl fɑrm]), and(connecting two similar elements [ənd]) very anxious(extremely worried or concerned [ˈvɛri ˈæŋʃəs]) to prevent(to stop something from happening [tɪ prɪˈvɛnt]) their own animals(the animals belonging to Frederick and Pilkington [ðɛr oʊn ˈænəməlz]) from learning(to gain knowledge or skill [frəm ˈlərnɪŋ]) too much(an excessive amount [tu məʧ]) about it(referring to the rebellion on Animal Farm [əˈbaʊt ɪt]). At first(initially; in the beginning [æt fərst]) they(referring to Frederick and Pilkington [ðeɪ]) pretended(gave the appearance of doing or feeling something [priˈtɛndɪd]) to laugh to scorn(to ridicule or mock something [tɪ læf tɪ skɔrn]) the idea(a thought or suggestion [ðə aɪˈdiə]) of animals(referring to non-human creatures [əv ˈænəməlz]) managing(being in charge of; running [ˈmænəʤɪŋ]) a farm(an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops or rearing animals [ə fɑrm]) for themselves(without human intervention or control [fər ðɛmˈsɛlvz]). The whole thing(referring to the idea of animals managing a farm [ðə hoʊl θɪŋ]) would be(conditional form of 'to be' [wʊd bi]) over(finished; completed [ˈoʊvər]) in a fortnight(in two weeks [ɪn ə ˈfɔrtˌnaɪt]), they said(attribution to Frederick and Pilkington [ðeɪ sɛd]). They(referring to Frederick and Pilkington [ðeɪ]) put it about(spread a rumor or story [pʊt ɪt əˈbaʊt]) that(introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]) the animals(referring to the animals on the Manor Farm/Animal Farm [ðə ˈænəməlz]) on(indicating location [ɔn]) the Manor Farm(the original name of Animal Farm [ðə ˈmænər fɑrm]) (they insisted on calling it the Manor Farm; they would not tolerate the name ‘Animal Farm’) were(past tense of 'to be' [wər]) perpetually(constantly; always [pərˈpɛʧuəli]) fighting(engaging in physical or verbal conflict [ˈfaɪtɪŋ]) among themselves(with each other [əˈməŋ ðɛmˈsɛlvz]) and(connecting two related ideas [ənd]) were(past tense of 'to be' [wər]) also(in addition; as well [ˈɔlsoʊ]) rapidly(quickly; at a fast pace [ˈræpədli]) starving(suffering severely from lack of food [ˈstɑrvɪŋ]) to death(resulting in death [tɪ dɛθ]). When(at the time that [wɪn]) time passed(as time went on [taɪm pæst]) and(connecting two related ideas [ənd]) the animals(referring to the animals on Animal Farm [ðə ˈænəməlz]) had evidently(clearly; obviously [hæd ˈɛvədəntli]) not starved(did not suffer from lack of food [nɑt stɑrvd]) to death(resulting in death [tɪ dɛθ]), Frederick(one of the farmers [ˈfrɛdərɪk]) and(connecting two people [ənd]) Pilkington(one of the farmers [ˈpɪlkɪŋtən]) changed(altered; modified [ʧeɪnʤd]) their tune(their opinion or attitude [ðɛr tun]) and(connecting two actions [ənd]) began(started [bɪˈgæn]) to talk(to speak [tɪ tɔk]) of(about; concerning [əv]) the terrible wickedness(extreme evil or immorality [ðə ˈtɛrəbəl ˈwɪkədnəs]) that(introducing a relative clause [ðət]) now(at the present time [naʊ]) flourished(thrived; prospered [flərɪʃt]) on(indicating location [ɔn]) Animal Farm(the name of the farm [ˈænəməl fɑrm]). It(referring to the situation on Animal Farm [ɪt]) was given out(it was announced or reported [wɑz ˈgɪvɪn aʊt]) that(introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]) the animals(referring to the animals on Animal Farm [ðə ˈænəməlz]) there(at that place [ðɛr]) practised(engaged in; performed regularly [ˈpræktɪst]) cannibalism(the practice of eating the flesh of one's own species [ˈkænəbəˌlɪzəm]), tortured(inflicted severe pain on [ˈtɔrʧərd]) one another(each other [wən əˈnəðər]) with(using [wɪθ]) red-hot(heated to a very high temperature [red-hot]) horseshoes(U-shaped metal plates nailed to horses' hooves [ˈhɔrsˌʃuz]), and(connecting two related ideas [ənd]) had(past tense of 'to have' [hæd]) their females(their female animals [ðɛr ˈfiˌmeɪlz]) in common(shared by everyone [ɪn ˈkɑmən]). This(referring to the alleged practices on Animal Farm [ðɪs]) was(past tense of 'to be' [wɑz]) what came of(the result of [wət keɪm əv]) rebelling(rising in opposition or resistance [rɪˈbɛlɪŋ]) against(in opposition to [əˈgɛnst]) the laws of Nature(the natural order of things [ðə lɔz əv ˈneɪʧər]), Frederick(one of the farmers [ˈfrɛdərɪk]) and(connecting two people [ənd]) Pilkington(one of the farmers [ˈpɪlkɪŋtən]) said(stated [sɛd]).