Animal Farm by George Orwell- page 69

He would end his remarks, he said, by emphasising once again the friendly feelings that subsisted, and ought to subsist, between Animal Farm and its neighbours.

• He: refers to a male person or character previously mentioned [hi]
• would: used to express a conditional or possible action [wʊd]
• end: to bring to a conclusion or finish [ɛnd]
• his: belonging to him [hɪz]
• remarks: comments or statements [rɪˈmɑrks]
• he said: an attribution indicating who is speaking [hi sɛd]
• by: indicating the means or agent [baɪ]
• emphasising: giving particular importance or prominence to something [emphasising]
• once again: one more time; repeatedly [wəns əˈgɛn]
• the friendly feelings: positive emotions of goodwill and warmth [ðə ˈfrɛndli ˈfilɪŋz]
• that: introduces a relative clause [ðət]
• subsisted: existed or continued to exist [subsisted]
• and: used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• ought to: used to express moral obligation or duty [ɔt tɪ]
• subsist: to continue to exist or be maintained [səbˈsɪst]
• between: in the space separating two or more things [bɪtˈwin]
• Animal Farm: the name of the farm, representing a society or system [ˈænəməl fɑrm]
• and: used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• its: belonging to it [ɪts]
• neighbours: people or entities located nearby [ˈneɪbərz]

Between pigs and human beings there was not and there need not be any clash of interests whatever.

• Between: in the space separating two or more things [bɪtˈwin]
• pigs: domesticated animals, here representing a social class [pɪgz]
• and: used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• human beings: people; members of the human race [ˈjumən biɪŋz]
• there: used to indicate the existence or presence of something [ðɛr]
• was not: did not exist [wɑz nɑt]
• and: used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• there: used to indicate the existence or presence of something [ðɛr]
• need not: not necessary [nid nɑt]
• be: to exist or occur [bi]
• any: one or some or every of a number of things [ˈɛni]
• clash: a conflict or disagreement [klæʃ]
• of: indicating relationship or belonging [əv]
• interests: advantages or concerns [ˈɪntərɪsts]
• whatever: at all; of any kind [ˌwəˈtɛvər]

Their struggles and their difficulties were one.

• Their: belonging to them [ðɛr]
• struggles: difficult or forceful efforts to achieve something [ˈstrəgəlz]
• and: used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• their: belonging to them [ðɛr]
• difficulties: problems or challenges [ˈdɪfɪˌkəltiz]
• were: past tense of 'to be' [wər]
• one: unified or the same [wən]

Was not the labour problem the same everywhere?

• Was not: a rhetorical question implying agreement [wɑz nɑt]
• the labour problem: issues related to work and workers [ðə ˈleɪbər ˈprɑbləm]
• the same: identical or similar [ðə seɪm]
• everywhere: in all places [ˈɛvriˌwɛr]

Here it became apparent that Mr Pilkington was about to spring some carefully-prepared witticism on the company, but for a moment he was too overcome by amusement to be able to utter it.

• Here: in this place or situation [hir]
• it: refers to the situation [ɪt]
• became: to come to be [bɪˈkeɪm]
• apparent: obvious or clear [əˈpɛrənt]
• that: introduces a clause [ðət]
• Mr Pilkington: a character's name [ˈmɪstər ˈpɪlkɪŋtən]
• was about to: on the verge of; ready to [wɑz əˈbaʊt tɪ]
• spring: to produce or present suddenly [spərɪŋ]
• some: an unspecified amount or number of [səm]
• carefully-prepared: thoughtfully and thoroughly planned [carefully-prepared]
• witticism: a clever and amusing remark [witticism]
• on: directed at [ɔn]
• the company: a group of people present [ðə ˈkəmpəˌni]
• but: used to introduce a contrasting statement [bət]
• for a moment: briefly; for a short time [fər ə ˈmoʊmənt]
• he: refers to Mr. Pilkington [hi]
• was: past tense of 'to be' [wɑz]
• too: excessively [tu]
• overcome: affected strongly by an emotion [ˈoʊvərˌkəm]
• by: indicating the cause or agent [baɪ]
• amusement: the feeling of being entertained or pleased [əmˈjuzmənt]
• to be able: having the capacity or ability [tɪ bi ˈeɪbəl]
• to utter: to speak or pronounce [tɪ ˈətər]
• it: refers to the witticism [ɪt]

After much choking, during which his various chins turned purple, he managed to get it out: ‘If you have your lower animals to contend with,’ he said, ‘we have our lower classes!’ This bon mot set the table in a roar; and Mr Pilkington once again congratulated the pigs on the low rations, the long working-hours and the general absence of pampering which he had observed on Animal Farm.

• After: following in time or sequence [ˈæftər]
• much: a large amount of [məʧ]
• choking: gasping or struggling for breath [ˈʧoʊkɪŋ]
• during: throughout the course of [ˈdʊrɪŋ]
• which: introduces a relative clause [wɪʧ]
• his: belonging to him [hɪz]
• various: different; several [ˈvɛriəs]
• chins: the fleshy part of the face below the mouth [chins]
• turned: changed in color [tərnd]
• purple: a reddish-blue color, often associated with embarrassment or effort [ˈpərpəl]
• he: refers to Mr. Pilkington [hi]
• managed: succeeded in doing something difficult [ˈmænɪʤd]
• to get it out: to express or say something [tɪ gɪt ɪt aʊt]
• If: introducing a conditional clause [ɪf]
• you: referring to the audience or listeners [ju]
• have: possess or experience [hæv]
• your: belonging to you [jʊr]
• lower animals: animals considered inferior or of lower status [loʊər ˈænəməlz]
• to contend with: to deal with or struggle against [tɪ kənˈtɛnd wɪθ]
• he said: an attribution indicating who is speaking [hi sɛd]
• we: referring to the speaker and their group [wi]
• have: possess or experience [hæv]
• our: belonging to us [ɑr]
• lower classes: people of lower social or economic status [loʊər ˈklæsɪz]
• This: referring to the previous statement [ðɪs]
• bon mot: a witty remark [bɑn mot]
• set: caused to be in a particular state [sɛt]
• the table: the people at the table [ðə ˈteɪbəl]
• in a roar: laughing loudly and heartily [ɪn ə rɔr]
• and: used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• Mr Pilkington: a character's name [ˈmɪstər ˈpɪlkɪŋtən]
• once again: one more time; repeatedly [wəns əˈgɛn]
• congratulated: expressed praise or approval [kənˈgræʧəˌleɪtɪd]
• the pigs: domesticated animals, here representing a social class [ðə pɪgz]
• on: regarding; concerning [ɔn]
• the low rations: small amounts of food [ðə loʊ ˈræʃənz]
• the long working-hours: extended periods of work [ðə lɔŋ working-hours]
• and: used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• the general: widespread or common [ðə ˈʤɛnərəl]
• absence: lack or non-existence [ˈæbsəns]
• of: indicating relationship or belonging [əv]
• pampering: treating with excessive indulgence or care [ˈpæmpərɪŋ]
• which: introduces a relative clause [wɪʧ]
• he had observed: he had noticed or seen [hi hæd əbˈzərvd]
• on: located at [ɔn]
• Animal Farm: the name of the farm, representing a society or system [ˈænəməl fɑrm]

And now, he said finally, he would ask the company to rise to their feet and make certain that their glasses were full. ‘Gentlemen,’ concluded Mr Pilkington, ‘gentlemen, I give you a toast: To the prosperity of Animal Farm!’

• And: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• now: at the present time or moment [naʊ]
• he said: reporting verb indicating that 'he' made a statement [hi sɛd]
• finally: after a long delay or period of time [ˈfaɪnəli]
• he would ask: expressing a polite request or inquiry about a future action [hi wʊd æsk]
• the company: a group of people gathered together [ðə ˈkəmpəˌni]
• to rise: to get up from a sitting or lying position [tɪ raɪz]
• to their feet: standing up [tɪ ðɛr fit]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• make certain: to ensure or verify [meɪk ˈsərtən]
• that: introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]
• their glasses: drinking glasses belonging to them [ðɛr ˈglæsɪz]
• were full: filled to the top [wər fʊl]
• Gentlemen: a polite form of address for a group of men [‘‘gentlemen’*’]
• concluded: brought to an end; finished speaking [kənˈkludɪd]
• Mr Pilkington: the name of a person [ˈmɪstər ˈpɪlkɪŋtən]
• gentlemen: a polite form of address for a group of men [‘‘gentlemen]
• I give you: I present to you [aɪ gɪv ju]
• a toast: an expression of goodwill or honor, usually accompanied by drinking [ə toʊst]
• To the prosperity: wishing success and wealth [tɪ ðə prɑˈspɛrəti]
• of Animal Farm: referring to the success and well-being of the farm [əv ˈænəməl farm’*’]

There was enthusiastic cheering and stamping of feet.

• There was: used to indicate the existence or presence of something [ðɛr wɑz]
• enthusiastic: showing intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval [ɪnˌθuziˈæstɪk]
• cheering: shouting for joy or approval [ˈʧɪrɪŋ]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• stamping: forcefully bringing the foot down on the ground [ˈstæmpɪŋ]
• of feet: plural of foot, referring to the lower part of the leg below the ankle [əv fit]

Napoleon was so gratified that he left his place and came round the table to clink his mug against Mr Pilkington's before emptying it.

• Napoleon: the name of a character [nəˈpoʊljən]
• was so gratified: felt pleased and appreciative [wɑz soʊ ˈgrætəˌfaɪd]
• that: introducing a clause of result [ðət]
• he left: he departed from [hi lɛft]
• his place: the position where he was [hɪz pleɪs]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• came round: moved to the other side of [keɪm raʊnd]
• the table: a piece of furniture with a flat top and one or more legs, providing a level surface for eating, writing, or working at [ðə ˈteɪbəl]
• to clink: to cause to make a light ringing sound [tɪ klɪŋk]
• his mug: a large cup, typically cylindrical and with a handle, used for drinking [hɪz məg]
• against: in opposition to or in contact with [əˈgɛnst]
• Mr Pilkington's: belonging to Mr. Pilkington [ˈmɪstər pilkingtons]
• before: prior to [ˌbiˈfɔr]
• emptying: pouring out the contents of [ˈɛmtiɪŋ]
• it: referring to the mug [ɪt]

When the cheering had died down, Napoleon, who had remained on his feet, intimated that he too had a few words to say.

• When: at or during the time that [wɪn]
• the cheering: shouting for joy or approval [ðə ˈʧɪrɪŋ]
• had died down: become less intense or stopped [hæd daɪd daʊn]
• Napoleon: the name of a character [nəˈpoʊljən]
• who had remained: who had stayed [hu hæd rɪˈmeɪnd]
• on his feet: standing up [ɔn hɪz fit]
• intimated: indicated or made known subtly [ˈɪntɪˌmeɪtɪd]
• that: introducing a subordinate clause [ðət]
• he too: he also [hi tu]
• had: possessed [hæd]
• a few words: a small number of words [ə fju wərdz]
• to say: to express [tɪ seɪ]

Like all of Napoleon's speeches, it was short and to the point.

• Like: similar to; in the same way as [laɪk]
• all: the whole quantity or extent of [ɔl]
• of: belonging to, relating to, or connected with [əv]
• Napoleon's: possessive form of Napoleon, referring to something belonging to or associated with Napoleon [nəˈpoʊliənz]
• speeches: formal talks given to an audience [ˈspiʧɪz]
• it: refers to the speech [ɪt]
• was: past tense of 'to be', linking the subject to the description [wɑz]
• short: brief in duration or length [ʃɔrt]
• and: used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• to the point: expressed in a clear and direct way; relevant and without unnecessary detail [tɪ ðə pɔɪnt]

He too, he said, was happy that the period of misunderstanding was at an end.

• He: referring to Napoleon [hi]
• too: also; in addition [tu]
• he said: an expression indicating that the following words were spoken by Napoleon [hi sɛd]
• was: past tense of 'to be', linking the subject to the description [wɑz]
• happy: feeling or showing pleasure or contentment [ˈhæpi]
• that: introducing a clause [ðət]
• the period: a length or portion of time [ðə ˈpɪriəd]
• of: belonging to, relating to, or connected with [əv]
• misunderstanding: a failure to understand something correctly [ˌmɪsəndərˈstændɪŋ]
• was: past tense of 'to be', indicating a state of being [wɑz]
• at an end: finished; concluded [æt ən ɛnd]

For a long time there had been rumours – circulated, he had reason to think, by some malignant enemy-that there was something subversive and even revolutionary in the outlook of himself and his colleagues.

• For: used to indicate the reason or cause of something [fər]
• a long time: a considerable period of time [ə lɔŋ taɪm]
• there: used to indicate the existence or presence of something [ðɛr]
• had been: past perfect tense of 'to be', indicating a state that existed before a specific time in the past [hæd bɪn]
• rumours: a currently circulating story or report of uncertain or doubtful truth [ˈrumərz]
• circulated: passed or spread around [ˈsərkjəˌleɪtɪd]
• he had reason to think: an expression indicating a belief or suspicion based on some evidence [hi hæd ˈrizən tɪ θɪŋk]
• by: indicating the agent or means [baɪ]
• some: an unspecified or unknown quantity or number of [səm]
• malignant: evil in nature or effect; malevolent [məˈlɪgnənt]
• enemy: a person who is actively hostile to someone or something [ˈɛnəmi]
• that: introducing a clause [ðət]
• there: used to indicate the existence or presence of something [ðɛr]
• was: past tense of 'to be', indicating a state of being [wɑz]
• something: an unspecified or unknown thing [ˈsəmθɪŋ]
• subversive: seeking or intended to undermine an established system or institution [səbˈvərsɪv]
• and: used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• even: used to emphasize something unexpected or surprising [ˈivɪn]
• revolutionary: involving or causing a complete or dramatic change [ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri]
• in: expressing the situation of something surrounded or enclosed [ɪn]
• the outlook: a person's point of view or general attitude to life [ðə ˈaʊˌtlʊk]
• of: belonging to, relating to, or connected with [əv]
• himself: used to refer to the person previously mentioned as the subject of the clause [hɪmˈsɛlf]
• and: used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• his: belonging to or associated with him [hɪz]
• colleagues: a person with whom one works, typically in a profession or business [ˈkɑligz]

They had been credited with attempting to stir up rebellion among the animals on neighbouring farms.

• They: referring to Napoleon and his colleagues [ðeɪ]
• had been credited: to be believed to have done something [hæd bɪn ˈkrɛdɪtɪd]
• with: indicating the person or thing affected by an action or feeling [wɪθ]
• attempting: trying to do something [əˈtɛmptɪŋ]
• to stir up: to provoke or incite [tɪ stər əp]
• rebellion: an act of violent or open resistance to an established government or ruler [rɪˈbɛljən]
• among: situated more or less centrally in relation to [əˈməŋ]
• the animals: referring to animals in general [ðə ˈænəməlz]
• on: indicating a surface or position [ɔn]
• neighbouring: located near or next to something [ˈneɪbərɪŋ]
• farms: an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops or rearing animals [fɑrmz]

Nothing could be further from the truth!

• Nothing: no single thing; not anything [ˈnəθɪŋ]
• could be: expressing possibility or potential [kʊd bi]
• further: more distant in degree, time, or space [ˈfərðər]
• from: indicating separation or removal [frəm]
• the truth: the actual state of a matter [ðə truθ]

Their sole wish, now and in the past, was to live at peace and in normal business relations with their neighbours.

• Their: belonging to or associated with them [ðɛr]
• sole: only; single [soʊl]
• wish: a desire or hope for something [wɪʃ]
• now: at the present time [naʊ]
• and: used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• in the past: at a time before the present [ɪn ðə pæst]
• was: past tense of 'to be', indicating a state of being [wɑz]
• to live: to remain alive [tɪ lɪv]
• at peace: in a state of tranquility or quiet [æt pis]
• and: used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• in: expressing the situation of something surrounded or enclosed [ɪn]
• normal: conforming to a standard; usual, typical, or expected [ˈnɔrməl]
• business: a person's regular occupation, profession, or trade [ˈbɪznɪs]
• relations: the way in which two or more people or things are connected [riˈleɪʃənz]
• with: accompanied by (another person or thing [wɪθ]
• their: belonging to or associated with them [ðɛr]
• neighbours: a person living near or next door to the speaker or person referred to [ˈneɪbərz]

This farm which he had the honour to control, he added, was a co-operative enterprise.

• This: used to identify a specific person or thing observed or heard by the speaker [ðɪs]
• farm: an area of land and its buildings used for growing crops or rearing animals [fɑrm]
• which: used to introduce a relative clause [wɪʧ]
• he: referring to Napoleon [hi]
• had: past tense of 'to have' [hæd]
• the honour: great respect or esteem; privilege [ðə ˈɑnər]
• to control: to have power over; manage [tɪ kənˈtroʊl]
• he added: an expression indicating that the following words were spoken by him [hi ˈædɪd]
• was: past tense of 'to be', indicating a state of being [wɑz]
• a co-operative: involving mutual assistance in working toward a common goal [ə ˌkoʊˈɑˌpərətɪv]
• enterprise: a project or undertaking, especially a bold or complex one [ˈɛnərˌpraɪz]

The tide-deeds, which were in his own possession, were owned by me pigs jointly.

• The: denoting one or more people or things already mentioned or known about in a particular context [ðə]
• tide-deeds: likely a typo and should be 'title-deeds', legal documents proving ownership of property [tide-deeds]
• which: used to introduce a relative clause [wɪʧ]
• were: past tense of 'to be', indicating a state of being [wər]
• in: expressing the situation of something surrounded or enclosed [ɪn]
• his own: belonging to or done by himself or oneself [hɪz oʊn]
• possession: the state of having, owning, or controlling something [pəˈzɛʃən]
• were owned: to have something as one's own [wər oʊnd]
• by: indicating the agent or means [baɪ]
• me: likely a typo and should be 'the' [mi]
• pigs: domesticated animals [pɪgz]
• jointly: shared or done by two or more people or organizations together [ˈʤɔɪntli]