Animal Farm by George Orwell- page 70

He did not believe, he said, mat any of the old suspicions still lingered, but certain changes had been made recently in the routine of the farm which should have the effect of promoting confidence still further. Hitherto the animals on the farm had had a rather foolish custom of addressing one another as ‘Comrade’. This was to be suppressed. There had also been a very strange custom, whose origin was unknown, of marching every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the garden. This too would be suppressed, and the skull had already been buried. His visitors might have observed, too, the green flag which flew from the masthead. If so, they would perhaps have noted that the white hoof and horn with which it had previously been marked had now been removed.

• He: refers to a male person or animal previously mentioned or known [hi]
• did not believe: past tense of 'do not believe', expressing a lack of conviction or trust [dɪd nɑt bɪˈliv]
• he said: an interjection indicating that the following words were spoken by the subject [hi sɛd]
• that: introduces a subordinate clause expressing the content of the belief [ðət]
• which: introduces a relative clause describing the changes [wɪʧ]
• it had previously been marked: the flag had been marked before [ɪt hæd ˈpriviəsli bɪn mɑrkt]
• had now been removed: has been taken off [hæd naʊ bɪn riˈmuvd]

It would be a plain green flag from now onwards.

• It: refers to the flag [ɪt]
• would be: will be [wʊd bi]
• a plain green flag: a simple green flag without any markings [ə pleɪn grin flæg]
• from now onwards: starting from this point forward [frəm naʊ ˈɑnwərdz]

He had only one criticism, he said, to make of Mr Pilkington's excellent and neighbourly speech.

• He: refers to a male individual previously mentioned or known [hi]
• had: past tense of 'have', indicating possession or experience [hæd]
• only: just; merely [ˈoʊnli]
• one: a single; a solitary [wən]
• criticism: the expression of disapproval of something based on perceived faults or mistakes [ˈkrɪtɪˌsɪzəm]
• he said: an interjection indicating that the following words were spoken by the person referred to as 'he' [ hi sɛd]
• to make of: regarding; concerning [tɪ meɪk əv]
• Mr Pilkington's: possessive form of 'Mr Pilkington', indicating something belonging to or associated with him [ˈmɪstər pilkingtons]
• excellent: extremely good or outstanding [ˈɛksələnt]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• neighbourly: characteristic of a good neighbor; friendly and helpful [ˈneɪbərli]
• speech: a formal address or discourse delivered to an audience [spiʧ]

Mr Pilkington had referred throughout to ‘Animal Farm’. He could not of course know – for he, Napoleon, was only now for the first time announcing it-mat the name ‘Animal Farm’ had been abolished.

• Mr Pilkington: refers to a person named Mr. Pilkington [ˈmɪstər ˈpɪlkɪŋtən]
• had referred: past perfect tense of 'refer', indicating that Mr. Pilkington had mentioned or alluded to something previously [hæd rɪˈfərd]
• throughout: during the whole period of time; from beginning to end [θruaʊt]
• to: expressing direction or reference [tɪ]
• Animal Farm: the name of the farm in the story [‘‘animal fɑrm]
• He: refers to Napoleon [hi]
• could not: indicates inability or impossibility [kʊd nɑt]
• of course: as might be expected; naturally [əv kɔrs]
• know: be aware of; have information about [noʊ]
• for: because; since [fər]
• he, Napoleon: identifies 'he' as Napoleon, providing clarification [hi nəˈpoʊljən]
• was: past tense of 'be' [wɑz]
• only: just; merely [ˈoʊnli]
• now: at the present time; at this moment [naʊ]
• for the first time: the initial occurrence of something [fər ðə fərst taɪm]
• announcing: making a public or formal declaration about a fact, occurrence, or intention [əˈnaʊnsɪŋ]
• it: refers to the information being announced [ɪt]
• mat: misspelling of 'that', introducing a subordinate clause [mæt]
• the name: the designation or title of something [ðə neɪm]
• Animal Farm: the name of the farm [‘‘animal fɑrm]
• had been abolished: past perfect passive voice, indicating that the name 'Animal Farm' had been officially ended or discontinued [hæd bɪn əˈbɑlɪʃt]

Henceforward the farm was to be known as ‘The Manor Farm’ – which, he believed, was its correct and original name.

• Henceforward: from this time on; from now on [henceforward]
• the farm: the agricultural land and buildings [ðə fɑrm]
• was to be: indicating a future plan or intention [wɑz tɪ bi]
• known: recognized or identified as [noʊn]
• as: used to indicate the name or description of something [ɛz]
• The Manor Farm: the new name of the farm [‘‘the ˈmænər fɑrm]
• which: introducing a relative clause that provides additional information [wɪʧ]
• he believed: an interjection indicating Napoleon's personal opinion or conviction [hi bɪˈlivd]
• was: past tense of 'be' [wɑz]
• its: possessive form of 'it', referring to the farm [ɪts]
• correct: free from error; in accordance with fact or truth [kərˈɛkt]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• original: existing from the beginning; first or earliest [ərˈɪʤənəl]
• name: the designation or title of something [neɪm]

‘Gentlemen,’ concluded Napoleon, ‘I will give you the same toast as before, but in a different form.

• Gentlemen: a polite form of address to a group of men [‘‘gentlemen]
• concluded: brought to an end; finished [kənˈkludɪd]
• Napoleon: identifies the speaker as Napoleon [nəˈpoʊljən]
• I: the speaker, Napoleon [‘‘i]
• will: auxiliary verb expressing future tense [wɪl]
• give: present; offer [gɪv]
• you: the audience being addressed [ju]
• the same: identical; not different [ðə seɪm]
• toast: a proposal of health or success, typically drunk to [toʊst]
• as: in the same way that [ɛz]
• before: previously; earlier [ˌbiˈfɔr]
• but: used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts something that has already been said [bət]
• in a different: not the same; altered [ɪn ə ˈdɪfərənt]
• form: the visible shape or configuration of something [fɔrm]

Fill your glasses to the brim.

• Fill: to make or become full [fɪl]
• your: belonging to or associated with the audience [jʊr]
• glasses: drinking vessels [ˈglæsɪz]
• to the brim: filled to the top edge [tɪ ðə brɪm]

There was the same hearty cheering as before, and the mugs were emptied to the dregs.

• There was: Indicates existence or presence in a particular place or time [ðɛr wɑz]
• the same: identical or similar to what has already been mentioned or seen [ðə seɪm]
• hearty cheering: enthusiastic and loud expression of approval or support [ˈhɑrti ˈʧɪrɪŋ]
• as before: like what happened previously [ɛz ˌbiˈfɔr]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• the mugs: drinking vessels, typically cylindrical and with a handle [ðə məgz]
• were emptied: had their contents completely consumed or removed [wər ˈɛmtid]
• to the dregs: to the very last drops or remnants; implies thoroughness [tɪ ðə drɛgz]

But as the animals outside gazed at the scene, it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening.

• But: used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts something previously said [bət]
• as: while; during the time that [ɛz]
• the animals: living creatures that are not human beings [ðə ˈænəməlz]
• outside: not within a building or other enclosed space [ˈaʊtˈsaɪd]
• gazed at: looked steadily and intently at something [geɪzd æt]
• the scene: the events or situation happening at a particular time and place [ðə sin]
• it seemed: it appeared to be the case [ɪt simd]
• to them: in their opinion or perception [tɪ ðɛm]
• that: introduces a subordinate clause [ðət]
• some strange thing: something unusual or unfamiliar [səm streɪnʤ θɪŋ]
• was happening: was taking place or occurring [wɑz ˈhæpənɪŋ]

What was it that had altered in the faces of the pigs?

• What: used to ask for specific information [wət]
• was it: refers to an unidentified thing or matter [wɑz ɪt]
• that: introduces a relative clause [ðət]
• had altered: had changed or become different [hæd ˈɔltərd]
• in the faces: in the expressions or appearances of the faces [ɪn ðə ˈfeɪsɪz]
• of the pigs: belonging to the pigs [əv ðə pɪgz]

Clover's old dim eyes flitted from one face to another.

• Clover's: belonging to Clover, a character in the story [clovers]
• old dim eyes: eyes that are aged and have poor vision [oʊld dɪm aɪz]
• flitted: moved quickly and lightly [flitted]
• from one face: from one person's face [frəm wən feɪs]
• to another: to a different one [tɪ əˈnəðər]

Some of them had five chins, some had four, some had three.

• Some of them: a portion of the group being referred to [səm əv ðɛm]
• had five chins: had multiple folds of flesh under their jaw [hæd faɪv chins]
• some had four: some had four chins [səm hæd fɔr]
• some had three: some had three chins [səm hæd θri]

But what was it that seemed to be melting and changing?

• But: used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts something previously said [bət]
• what: used to ask for specific information [wət]
• was it: refers to an unidentified thing or matter [wɑz ɪt]
• that: introduces a relative clause [ðət]
• seemed to be: appeared to be [simd tɪ bi]
• melting: gradually disappearing or changing form [ˈmɛltɪŋ]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• changing: becoming different [ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ]

Then, the applause having come to an end, the company took up their cards and continued the game that had been interrupted, and the animals crept silently away.

• Then: at that time; after that [ðɛn]
• the applause: the expression of approval or admiration by clapping [ðə əˈplɔz]
• having come: after it had arrived or happened [ˈhævɪŋ kəm]
• to an end: to a conclusion or finish [tɪ ən ɛnd]
• the company: a group of people gathered together [ðə ˈkəmpəˌni]
• took up: started or resumed [tʊk əp]
• their cards: playing cards belonging to them [ðɛr kɑrdz]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• continued: kept doing something without stopping [kənˈtɪnjud]
• the game: a form of play or sport, especially a competitive one played according to rules [ðə geɪm]
• that: introduces a relative clause [ðət]
• had been interrupted: had been stopped temporarily [hæd bɪn ˌɪntərˈəptɪd]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• the animals: living creatures that are not human beings [ðə ˈænəməlz]
• crept: moved slowly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed [krɛpt]
• silently: without making any sound [ˈsaɪləntli]
• away: to or at a distance from a particular place or person [əˈweɪ]