The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway- page 15

He also drank a cup of shark liver oil each day from the big drum in the shack where many of the fishermen kept their gear.

• He: refers to a male person previously mentioned or known [hi]
• also: in addition; besides [ˈɔlsoʊ]
• drank: past tense of 'drink'; to consume liquid [dræŋk]
• a cup of: a specific quantity of liquid, measured in a cup [ə kəp əv]
• shark liver oil: oil extracted from the liver of a shark, known for its high vitamin content [ʃɑrk ˈlɪvər ɔɪl]
• each day: every day; daily [iʧ deɪ]
• from: indicating the source or origin [frəm]
• the big drum: a large container, typically cylindrical, used for storage [ðə bɪg drəm]
• in the shack: inside a small, roughly built dwelling or shelter [ɪn ðə ʃæk]
• where: in or at which place [wɛr]
• many of the fishermen: a large number of the people who fish for a living [ˈmɛni əv ðə ˈfɪʃərmɪn]
• kept: past tense of 'keep'; stored or maintained [kɛpt]
• their gear: their equipment or tools [ðɛr gɪr]

It was there for all fishermen who wanted it.

• It: refers to the shark liver oil [ɪt]
• was there: available or present at that location [wɑz ðɛr]
• for all fishermen: intended for every fisherman [fər ɔl ˈfɪʃərmɪn]
• who wanted it: those who desired or needed it [hu ˈwɔntɪd ɪt]

Most fishermen hated the taste.

• Most fishermen: the majority of fishermen [moʊst ˈfɪʃərmɪn]
• hated: past tense of 'hate'; disliked intensely [ˈheɪtɪd]
• the taste: the flavor of the oil [ðə teɪst]

But it was no worse than getting up at the hours that they rose and it was very good against all colds and grippes and it was good for the eyes.

• But: however; on the other hand [bət]
• it: refers to the taste [ɪt]
• was no worse: not as bad [wɑz noʊ wərs]
• than: used for comparison [ðən]
• getting up: waking up and rising from bed [ˈgɪtɪŋ əp]
• at the hours: at the specific times [æt ðə aʊərz]
• that they rose: when they woke up early [ðət ðeɪ roʊz]
• and: in addition [ənd]
• it: refers to the shark liver oil [ɪt]
• was very good: beneficial or effective [wɑz ˈvɛri gʊd]
• against: in opposition to; to protect from [əˈgɛnst]
• all colds and grippes: various common illnesses, including colds and influenza [ɔl koʊldz ənd grippes]
• and: in addition [ənd]
• it: refers to the shark liver oil [ɪt]
• was good: beneficial [wɑz gʊd]
• for the eyes: for maintaining or improving eyesight [fər ðə aɪz]

Now the old man looked up and saw that the bird was circling again.

• Now: at the present time; at this moment [naʊ]
• the old man: a man who is old [ðə oʊld mæn]
• looked up: raised his eyes to see something above [lʊkt əp]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• saw: perceived with the eyes; noticed [sɔ]
• that: introduces a subordinate clause [ðət]
• the bird: a feathered animal [ðə bərd]
• was circling: moving in a circular path [wɑz ˈsərkəlɪŋ]
• again: once more; another time [əˈgɛn]

''He's found fish,'' he said aloud.

• He's: contraction of 'He is', where 'He' refers to someone or something previously mentioned [hiz]
• found fish: discovered or located fish [faʊnd fɪʃ]
• he: referring to the old man [hi]
• said aloud: spoke in a voice loud enough to be heard [sɛd əˈlaʊd]

No flying fish broke the surface and there was no scattering of bait fish.

• No flying fish: a type of fish that can leap out of the water and glide through the air [noʊ flaɪɪŋ fɪʃ]
• broke the surface: emerged from the water [broʊk ðə ˈsərfəs]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• there was no: there was not any [ðɛr wɑz noʊ]
• scattering of bait fish: small fish used as bait dispersed across the water [ˈskætərɪŋ əv beɪt fɪʃ]

But as the old man watched, a small tuna rose in the air, turned and dropped head first into the water.

• But: however; on the other hand [bət]
• as: while; during the time that [ɛz]
• the old man: a man who is old [ðə oʊld mæn]
• watched: observed carefully [wɔʧt]
• a small tuna: a type of fish [ə smɔl ˈtunə]
• rose in the air: jumped out of the water [roʊz ɪn ðə ɛr]
• turned: changed direction [tərnd]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• dropped: fell [drɑpt]
• head first: with the head leading [hɛd fərst]
• into the water: back into the sea [ˈɪntu ðə ˈwɔtər]

The tuna shone silver in the sun and after he had dropped back into the water another and another rose and they were jumping in all directions, churning the water and leaping in long jumps after the bait.

• The tuna: a type of fish [ðə ˈtunə]
• shone silver: reflected light with a silvery color [ʃoʊn ˈsɪlvər]
• in the sun: in the sunlight [ɪn ðə sən]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• after: following in time [ˈæftər]
• he: referring to the tuna [hi]
• had dropped back: returned to the water [hæd drɑpt bæk]
• into the water: back into the sea [ˈɪntu ðə ˈwɔtər]
• another and another: more and more tuna [əˈnəðər ənd əˈnəðər]
• rose: jumped out of the water [roʊz]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• they: referring to the tuna [ðeɪ]
• were jumping: leaping out of the water repeatedly [wər ˈʤəmpɪŋ]
• in all directions: everywhere; in various directions [ɪn ɔl dɪˈrɛkʃɪnz]
• churning the water: agitating the water violently [ˈʧərnɪŋ ðə ˈwɔtər]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• leaping: jumping high or far [ˈlipɪŋ]
• in long jumps: making large jumps [ɪn lɔŋ ʤəmps]
• after the bait: chasing the small fish used as bait [ˈæftər ðə beɪt]

They were circling it and driving it.

• They: referring to the tuna [ðeɪ]
• were circling it: moving around the bait fish in a circular path [wər ˈsərkəlɪŋ ɪt]
• and: used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly [ənd]
• driving it: forcing the bait fish to move [ˈdraɪvɪŋ ɪt]

If they don't travel too fast I will get into them, the old man thought, and he watched the school working the water white and the bird now dropping and dipping into the bait fish that were forced to the surface in their panic.

• If: a conditional conjunction introducing a possibility [ɪf]
• they: refers to an unspecified group or entity, likely the fish being pursued [ðeɪ]
• don't: contraction of 'do not', indicating a negative condition [doʊnt]
• travel: to move or go from one place to another [ˈtrævəl]
• too: excessively; more than enough [tu]
• fast: quickly; at a high speed [fæst]
• I: the speaker or writer; the old man in this context [aɪ]
• will: auxiliary verb indicating future tense [wɪl]
• get into: to become involved with or reach a certain point or situation; here, to get closer to the fish [gɪt ˈɪntu]
• them: refers back to 'they', the fish [ðɛm]
• the old man: refers to the main character, an elderly fisherman [ðə oʊld mæn]
• thought: past tense of 'think', indicating an internal reflection [θɔt]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• he: refers to the old man [hi]
• watched: past tense of 'watch', meaning to observe [wɔʧt]
• the school: a large group of fish swimming together [ðə skul]
• working: agitating or disturbing [ˈwərkɪŋ]
• the water: the body of water, the sea [ðə ˈwɔtər]
• white: describing the foamy or churned appearance of the water due to the fish's activity [waɪt]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• the bird: a seabird, likely feeding on the bait fish [ðə bərd]
• now: at the present time [naʊ]
• dropping: descending or diving down [ˈdrɑpɪŋ]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• dipping: briefly plunging into the water [ˈdɪpɪŋ]
• into: preposition indicating movement or direction toward something [ˈɪntu]
• the bait fish: small fish used as bait to attract larger fish [ðə beɪt fɪʃ]
• that: relative pronoun referring to the bait fish [ðət]
• were: past tense of 'be', used with a plural subject [wər]
• forced: compelled or driven [fɔrst]
• to: preposition indicating direction or purpose [tɪ]
• the surface: the top layer of the water [ðə ˈsərfəs]
• in: preposition indicating location or condition [ɪn]
• their: possessive pronoun referring to the bait fish [ðɛr]
• panic: sudden uncontrollable fear or anxiety [ˈpænɪk]

''The bird is a great help,'' the old man said.

• The bird: referring to a seabird [ðə bərd]
• is: present tense of 'be' [ɪz]
• a great: very helpful or significant [ə greɪt]
• help: assistance or aid [hɛlp]
• the old man: the elderly fisherman, the main character [ðə oʊld mæn]
• said: past tense of 'say', indicating spoken words [sɛd]

Just then the stern line came taut under his foot, where he had kept a loop of the line, and he dropped his oars and felt tile weight of the small tuna's shivering pull as he held the line firm and commenced to haul it in.

• Just: exactly or precisely at this moment [ʤɪst]
• then: at that time; immediately after [ðɛn]
• the stern line: the rope attached to the back of the boat [ðə stərn laɪn]
• came: past tense of 'come', indicating movement or a change in state [keɪm]
• taut: tightly stretched or strained [tɔt]
• under: beneath or below [ˈəndər]
• his: possessive pronoun referring to the old man [hɪz]
• foot: the lower part of the leg below the ankle [fʊt]
• where: in the place or position in which [wɛr]
• he: refers to the old man [hi]
• had kept: past perfect tense of 'keep', indicating something he had done regularly [hæd kɛpt]
• a loop: a circular shape made by a line or rope [ə lup]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or association [əv]
• the line: the fishing line [ðə laɪn]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• he: refers to the old man [hi]
• dropped: past tense of 'drop', meaning to let fall [drɑpt]
• his: possessive pronoun referring to the old man [hɪz]
• oars: long poles with flat blades used for rowing a boat [ɔrz]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• felt: past tense of 'feel', meaning to experience a sensation [fɛlt]
• tile: Typo, should be 'the' - definite article [taɪl]
• weight: the heaviness of something [weɪt]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or association [əv]
• the small tuna's: referring to a young or small tuna fish [ðə smɔl tunas]
• shivering: trembling or shaking slightly [ˈʃɪvərɪŋ]
• pull: the act of pulling or tugging [pʊl]
• as: while; at the same time that [ɛz]
• he: refers to the old man [hi]
• held: past tense of 'hold', meaning to grip or keep in place [hɛld]
• the line: the fishing line [ðə laɪn]
• firm: steady and not moving [fərm]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• commenced: began or started [kəˈmɛnst]
• to: preposition indicating purpose or direction [tɪ]
• haul: to pull or drag with effort [hɔl]
• it: refers to the tuna [ɪt]
• in: toward the boat [ɪn]

The shivering increased as he pulled in and he could see the blue back of the fish in the water and the gold of his sides before he swung him over the side and into the boat.

• The shivering: The trembling or shaking [ðə ˈʃɪvərɪŋ]
• increased: became greater or more intense [ˌɪnˈkrist]
• as: while; at the same time that [ɛz]
• he: refers to the old man [hi]
• pulled: past tense of 'pull', meaning to tug or drag [pʊld]
• in: toward the boat [ɪn]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• he: refers to the old man [hi]
• could see: was able to see [kʊd si]
• the blue back: the upper part of the fish, which is blue in color [ðə blu bæk]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or association [əv]
• the fish: the tuna [ðə fɪʃ]
• in: within [ɪn]
• the water: the sea [ðə ˈwɔtər]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• the gold: the golden color [ðə goʊld]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or association [əv]
• his: possessive pronoun referring to the fish [hɪz]
• sides: the flanks of the fish [saɪdz]
• before: prior to [ˌbiˈfɔr]
• he: refers to the old man [hi]
• swung: past tense of 'swing', meaning to move in a curve [swəŋ]
• him: refers to the fish [ɪm]
• over: across [ˈoʊvər]
• the side: the edge of the boat [ðə saɪd]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• into: inside [ˈɪntu]
• the boat: the small vessel [ðə boʊt]

He lay in the stern in the sun, compact and bullet shaped, his big, unintelligent eyes staring as he thumped his life out against the planking of the boat with the quick shivering strokes of his neat, fast-moving tail.

• He: refers to the fish [hi]
• lay: past tense of 'lie', meaning to recline or rest [leɪ]
• in: within [ɪn]
• the stern: the rear part of the boat [ðə stərn]
• in: within [ɪn]
• the sun: the sunlight [ðə sən]
• compact: closely and neatly packed together [ˈkɑmpækt]
• and: conjunction used to connect clauses or phrases [ənd]
• bullet shaped: having the form of a bullet, streamlined [ˈbʊlət ʃeɪpt]
• his: possessive pronoun referring to the fish [hɪz]
• big: large in size [bɪg]
• unintelligent: lacking intelligence or understanding [unintelligent]
• eyes: organs of sight [aɪz]
• staring: looking fixedly with wide open eyes [ˈstɛrɪŋ]
• as: while; at the same time that [ɛz]
• he: refers to the fish [hi]
• thumped: hit or struck heavily [θəmpt]
• his: possessive pronoun referring to the fish [hɪz]
• life: the state of being alive [laɪf]
• out: to an end [aʊt]
• against: in opposition to or in contact with [əˈgɛnst]
• the planking: the wooden boards forming the sides of the boat [ðə ˈplæŋkɪŋ]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or association [əv]
• the boat: the small vessel [ðə boʊt]
• with: using or by means of [wɪθ]
• the quick: rapid or fast [ðə kwɪk]
• shivering: trembling or shaking [ˈʃɪvərɪŋ]
• strokes: movements or motions [stroʊks]
• of: preposition indicating belonging or association [əv]
• his: possessive pronoun referring to the fish [hɪz]
• neat: orderly and clean [nit]
• fast-moving: moving quickly [fast-moving]
• tail: the appendage at the rear of the fish [teɪl]

The old man hit him on the head for kindness and kicked him, his body still shuddering, under the shade of the stern.

• The old man: The elderly fisherman [ðə oʊld mæn]
• hit: Struck with force [hɪt]
• him: Referring to the fish [ɪm]
• on the head: The upper part of the fish's body [ɔn ðə hɛd]
• for: Because of [fər]
• kindness: An act of compassion [ˈkaɪndnəs]
• and: Conjunction [ənd]
• kicked: Struck with the foot [kɪkt]
• him: Referring to the fish [ɪm]
• his body: The fish's body [hɪz ˈbɑdi]
• still: Even now [stɪl]
• shuddering: Trembling violently [ˈʃədərɪŋ]
• under: Beneath [ˈəndər]
• the shade: Area protected from the sun [ðə ʃeɪd]
• of: Belonging to [əv]
• the stern: The rear of the boat [ðə stərn]

''Albacore,'' he said aloud. ''He'll make a beautiful bait.

• Albacore: A type of tuna; the quotation marks indicate he is either thinking the word or saying it to himself [ˈælbəˌkɔr]
• he said aloud: he spoke in a voice loud enough to be heard [hi sɛd əˈlaʊd]
• He'll: contraction of 'he will', referring to the albacore [hil]
• make a beautiful bait: be very effective as bait for catching other fish [meɪk ə ˈbjutəfəl beɪt]