The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway- page 28

He thought of how some men feared being out of sight of land in a small boar and knew they were right in the months of sudden bad weather.

• He: refers to a male person or character previously mentioned or understood [hi]
• thought: past tense of 'think', meaning to have a particular belief or idea [θɔt]
• of: expressing the relationship between a part and a whole [əv]
• how: in what way or manner [haʊ]
• some men: certain unspecified men [səm mɛn]
• feared: past tense of 'fear', meaning to be afraid of something [fɪrd]
• being: the state of existence [biɪŋ]
• out of sight: not visible; beyond the range of vision [aʊt əv saɪt]
• of land: the part of the earth's surface that is not permanently covered by water [əv lænd]
• in: expressing the location or position of something within something else [ɪn]
• a small boar: likely a typo and should be 'boat', a small vessel for traveling on water [ə smɔl bɔr]
• and: used to connect words, phrases, or clauses [ənd]
• knew: past tense of 'know', meaning to be aware of something through observation, inquiry, or information [nu]
• they were: past tense of 'be', indicating their state of being [ðeɪ wər]
• right: correct or true [raɪt]
• in: expressing the location or position of something within something else [ɪn]
• the months: periods of time, each approximately one-twelfth of a year [ðə mənθs]
• of: expressing the relationship between a part and a whole [əv]
• sudden bad weather: unexpected and severe weather conditions [ˈsədən bæd ˈwɛðər]

But now they were in hurricane months and, when there are no hurricanes, the weather of hurricane months is the best of all the year.

• But: used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts something that has been said previously [bət]
• now: at the present time or moment [naʊ]
• they were: past tense of 'be', indicating their state of being [ðeɪ wər]
• in: expressing the location or position of something within something else [ɪn]
• hurricane months: the months during which hurricanes are most likely to occur [ˈhərəˌkeɪnz mənθs]
• and: used to connect words, phrases, or clauses [ənd]
• when: at or during the time that [wɪn]
• there are: used to indicate the existence of something [ðɛr ər]
• no hurricanes: an absence of severe tropical cyclones [noʊ ˈhərəˌkeɪnz]
• the weather: the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time [ðə ˈwɛðər]
• of: expressing the relationship between a part and a whole [əv]
• hurricane months: the months during which hurricanes are most likely to occur [ˈhərəˌkeɪnz mənθs]
• is: third-person singular present of 'be', indicating a state of being [ɪz]
• the best: of the highest quality or degree [ðə bɛst]
• of all: out of all the possibilities [əv ɔl]
• the year: the period of 365 or 366 days, starting from January 1st [ðə jɪr]

If there is a hurricane you always see the signs of it in the sky for days ahead, if you are at sea.

• If: Used to introduce a conditional clause [ɪf]
• there is: Indicates the existence of something [ðɛr ɪz]
• a hurricane: A severe tropical cyclone with strong winds and heavy rain [ə ˈhərəˌkeɪnz]
• you: Refers to the person being addressed or people in general [ju]
• always: Every time or on all occasions [ˈɔlˌweɪz]
• see: Perceive with the eyes [si]
• the signs: Indications or evidence of something [ðə saɪnz]
• of it: Referring to the hurricane [əv ɪt]
• in the sky: Visible in the atmosphere above [ɪn ðə skaɪ]
• for days ahead: For several days in the future [fər deɪz əˈhɛd]
• if: Introducing a conditional clause [ɪf]
• you: Refers to the person being addressed [ju]
• are: Form of the verb 'to be' [ər]
• at sea: On the ocean or a large body of water [æt si]

They do not see it ashore because they do not know what to look for, he thought.

• They: Refers to people in general or a specific group [ðeɪ]
• do not see: They are unable to perceive [du nɑt si]
• it: Referring to the signs of a hurricane [ɪt]
• ashore: On land, as opposed to at sea [əˈʃɔr]
• because: For the reason that [bɪˈkəz]
• they: Refers to people in general or a specific group [ðeɪ]
• do not know: They lack the knowledge [du nɑt noʊ]
• what: Which thing or things [wət]
• to look for: To search for or seek out [tɪ lʊk fər]
• he thought: Indicates the character's internal thought [hi θɔt]

The land must make a difference too, in the shape of the clouds.

• The land: The ground or earth [ðə lænd]
• must: Expressing necessity or obligation [məst]
• make a difference: Have an effect or impact [meɪk ə ˈdɪfərəns]
• too: Also or in addition [tu]
• in the shape: In the form or configuration [ɪn ðə ʃeɪp]
• of the clouds: Referring to the formations in the sky [əv ðə klaʊdz]

But we have no hurricane coming now.

• But: Introducing a contrasting statement [bət]
• we: Refers to the speaker and one or more other people [wi]
• have no hurricane: There is not a hurricane [hæv noʊ ˈhərəˌkeɪnz]
• coming now: Approaching or arriving at the present time [ˈkəmɪŋ naʊ]

He looked at the sky and saw the white cumulus built like friendly piles of ice cream and high above were the thin feathers of the cirrus against the high September sky.

• He: Refers to a male person or character [hi]
• looked: Used his eyes to perceive [lʊkt]
• at the sky: Directed his gaze towards the atmosphere above [æt ðə skaɪ]
• and: Used to connect two clauses or phrases [ənd]
• saw: Perceived with his eyes [sɔ]
• the white cumulus: Observed the puffy, white clouds [ðə waɪt cumulus]
• built: Formed or structured [bɪlt]
• like: Similar to [laɪk]
• friendly piles: Resembling heaps that are welcoming [ˈfrɛndli paɪlz]
• of ice cream: Made of frozen dessert [əv aɪs krim]
• and: Used to connect two clauses or phrases [ənd]
• high above: At a great altitude [haɪ əˈbəv]
• were: Past tense of 'to be', indicating existence [wər]
• the thin feathers: The delicate, wispy formations [ðə θɪn ˈfɛðərz]
• of the cirrus: Referring to high-altitude, feathery clouds [əv ðə ˈsɪrəs]
• against: In contrast to or in front of [əˈgɛnst]
• the high September sky: The sky in the month of September, which is at a great altitude [ðə haɪ sɛpˈtɛmbər skaɪ]

''Light brisa,'' he said. ''Better weather for me than for you, fish.''

• Light brisa: A gentle breeze [laɪt brisa]
• he said: He spoke [hi sɛd]
• Better weather: More favorable atmospheric conditions [ˈbɛtər ˈwɛðər]
• for me: Suitable for myself [fər mi]
• than: In comparison to [ðən]
• for you, fish: Suitable for you, the fish [fər ju fɪʃ]

His left hand was still cramped, but he was unknotting it slowly.

• His: belonging to him [hɪz]
• left: on the left side [lɛft]
• hand: the part of the body at the end of the arm [hænd]
• was: past tense of 'be' [wɑz]
• still: continuing to be; even now [stɪl]
• cramped: affected by a muscle spasm [kræmpt]
• but: used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts something that has already been said [bət]
• he: referring to a male person [hi]
• was: past tense of 'be' [wɑz]
• unknotting: loosening or straightening out something that is knotted [unknotting]
• it: referring to his hand [ɪt]
• slowly: at a slow pace; gradually [sˈloʊli]

I hate a cramp, he thought.

• I: first-person singular pronoun [aɪ]
• hate: to dislike intensely [heɪt]
• a cramp: a painful muscle spasm [ə kræmp]
• he: referring to a male person [hi]
• thought: past tense of 'think' [θɔt]

It is a treachery of one's own body.

• It: referring to a cramp [ɪt]
• is: present tense of 'be' [ɪz]
• a treachery: betrayal of trust [ə ˈtrɛʧəri]
• of: belonging to or associated with [əv]
• one's: belonging to oneself [wənz]
• own: belonging or done by oneself [oʊn]
• body: the physical structure of a person or animal [ˈbɑdi]

It is humiliating before others to have a diarrhoea from ptomaine poisoning or to vomit from it.

• It: referring to having diarrhoea or vomiting [ɪt]
• is: present tense of 'be' [ɪz]
• humiliating: causing someone to feel ashamed and foolish [hjuˈmɪliˌeɪtɪŋ]
• before: in front of; in the presence of [ˌbiˈfɔr]
• others: other people [ˈəðərz]
• to have: to possess or experience [tɪ hæv]
• a diarrhoea: a condition of having frequent, liquid bowel movements [ə ˌdaɪərˈiə]
• from: indicating the source or cause [frəm]
• ptomaine poisoning: food poisoning caused by bacteria [ˈtoʊmeɪn ˈpɔɪzənɪŋ]
• or: used to link alternatives [ər]
• to vomit: to eject matter from the stomach through the mouth [tɪ ˈvɑmət]
• from: indicating the source or cause [frəm]
• it: referring to ptomaine poisoning [ɪt]

But a cramp, he thought of it as a calambre, humiliates oneself especially when one is alone.

• But: used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts something that has already been said [bət]
• a cramp: a painful muscle spasm [ə kræmp]
• he: referring to a male person [hi]
• thought: past tense of 'think' [θɔt]
• of: expressing the relationship between a verb and its object [əv]
• it: referring to a cramp [ɪt]
• as: used to describe the function or character of someone or something [ɛz]
• a calambre: Spanish word for cramp [ə calambre]
• humiliates: causes someone to feel ashamed and foolish [hjuˈmɪliˌeɪts]
• oneself: one's own self [ˌwənˈsɛlf]
• especially: particularly [əˈspɛʃəli]
• when: at or during the time that [wɪn]
• one: referring to oneself [wən]
• is: present tense of 'be' [ɪz]
• alone: without anyone else [əˈloʊn]

If the boy were here he could rub it for me and loosen it down from the forearm, he thought.

• If: conditional conjunction [ɪf]
• the boy: a young male person [ðə bɔɪ]
• were: past subjunctive of 'be' [wər]
• here: in or at this place [hir]
• he: referring to the boy [hi]
• could: past tense of 'can', expressing possibility [kʊd]
• rub: to apply pressure and friction to a surface [rəb]
• it: referring to the cramp [ɪt]
• for: indicating the purpose or recipient [fər]
• me: first-person singular object pronoun [mi]
• and: used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• loosen: to make or become less tight or tense [ˈlusən]
• it: referring to the cramp [ɪt]
• down: in a downward direction [daʊn]
• from: indicating the starting point [frəm]
• the forearm: the part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist [ðə ˈfɔˌrɑrm]
• he: referring to a male person [hi]
• thought: past tense of 'think' [θɔt]

But it will loosen up.

• But: used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or contradicts something that has already been said [bət]
• it: referring to the cramp [ɪt]
• will: expressing future tense [wɪl]
• loosen: to become less tight or tense [ˈlusən]
• up: expressing completion or improvement [əp]

Then, with his right hand he felt the difference in the pull of the line before he saw the slant change in the water.

• Then: at that time; next [ðɛn]
• with: accompanied by [wɪθ]
• his: belonging to him [hɪz]
• right: on the right side [raɪt]
• hand: the part of the body at the end of the arm [hænd]
• he: referring to a male person [hi]
• felt: past tense of 'feel' [fɛlt]
• the difference: the state of being dissimilar [ðə ˈdɪfərəns]
• in: expressing location or position [ɪn]
• the pull: the force exerted when something is pulled [ðə pʊl]
• of: belonging to or associated with [əv]
• the line: a length of cord or rope [ðə laɪn]
• before: earlier than [ˌbiˈfɔr]
• he: referring to a male person [hi]
• saw: past tense of 'see' [sɔ]
• the slant: a sloping position [ðə slænt]
• change: the act of becoming different [ʧeɪnʤ]
• in: expressing location or position [ɪn]
• the water: a clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid [ðə ˈwɔtər]

Then, as he leaned against the line and slapped his left hand hard and fast against his thigh he saw the line slanting slowly upward.

• Then: at that time; next [ðɛn]
• as: while; when [ɛz]
• he: referring to a male person [hi]
• leaned: past tense of 'lean', to be in or assume a sloping position [lind]
• against: in opposition to; touching [əˈgɛnst]
• the line: a length of cord or rope [ðə laɪn]
• and: used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• slapped: past tense of 'slap', to strike with an open hand [slæpt]
• his: belonging to him [hɪz]
• left: on the left side [lɛft]
• hand: the part of the body at the end of the arm [hænd]
• hard: with great force or energy [hɑrd]
• and: used to connect words or clauses [ənd]
• fast: at high speed [fæst]
• against: in opposition to; touching [əˈgɛnst]
• his: belonging to him [hɪz]
• thigh: the part of the leg between the hip and the knee [θaɪ]
• he: referring to a male person [hi]
• saw: past tense of 'see' [sɔ]
• the line: a length of cord or rope [ðə laɪn]
• slanting: sloping [sˈlæntɪŋ]
• slowly: at a slow pace; gradually [sˈloʊli]
• upward: toward a higher place or position [ˈəpwərd]

''He's coming up,'' he said. ''Come on hand.

• He's: Contraction of 'He is', indicating that someone is performing an action [hiz]
• coming up: Rising to the surface [ˈkəmɪŋ əp]
• he: Referring to a male person [hi]
• said: Spoke or uttered words [sɛd]
• Come: An invitation or request to move or act [kəm]
• on: An encouragement to proceed or hurry [ɔn]
• hand: Assist or help [hænd]

The line rose slowly and steadily and then the surface of the ocean bulged ahead of the boat and the fish came out.

• The line: A rope or cord used for fishing [ðə laɪn]
• rose: Moved upwards [roʊz]
• slowly: At a slow pace [sˈloʊli]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• steadily: In a consistent and unwavering manner [ˈstɛdəli]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• then: At that time; after that [ðɛn]
• the surface: The outermost layer or top part [ðə ˈsərfəs]
• of the ocean: The vast body of saltwater that covers most of the Earth [əv ðə ˈoʊʃən]
• bulged: Swelled or protruded outwards [bəlʤd]
• ahead: In front; in the direction one is facing [əˈhɛd]
• of the boat: A vessel for traveling on water [əv ðə boʊt]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• the fish: An aquatic animal with fins and gills [ðə fɪʃ]
• came out: Emerged or appeared [keɪm aʊt]

He came out unendingly and water poured from his sides.

• He: Referring to a male person or animal [hi]
• came out: Emerged or appeared [keɪm aʊt]
• unendingly: Without end; continuously [unendingly]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• water: A clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid [ˈwɔtər]
• poured: Flowed rapidly and abundantly [pɔrd]
• from his sides: From the sides of the fish [frəm hɪz saɪdz]

He was bright in the sun and his head and back were dark purple and in the sun the stripes on his sides showed wide and a light lavender.

• He: Referring to a male person or animal [hi]
• was bright: Radiant or full of light [wɑz braɪt]
• in the sun: Exposed to the sunlight [ɪn ðə sən]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• his head: The upper part of the body [hɪz hɛd]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• back: The rear part of the body [bæk]
• were dark purple: A color that is a mix of red and blue, having a dark shade [wər dɑrk ˈpərpəl]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• in the sun: Exposed to the sunlight [ɪn ðə sən]
• the stripes: Long, narrow bands or markings [ðə straɪps]
• on his sides: On the sides of the fish [ɔn hɪz saɪdz]
• showed: Were visible [ʃoʊd]
• wide: Of great extent from side to side [waɪd]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• a light lavender: A pale purple color [ə laɪt ˈlævəndər]

His sword was as long as a baseball bat and tapered like a rapier and he rose his full length from the water and then re-entered it, smoothly, like a diver and the old man saw the great scythe-blade of his tail go under and the line commenced to race out.

• His sword: A long, pointed weapon [hɪz sɔrd]
• was as long: Having the same length [wɑz ɛz lɔŋ]
• as a baseball bat: A wooden or metal bat used in baseball [ɛz ə ˈbeɪsˈbɔl bæt]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• tapered: Gradually narrowed towards one end [ˈteɪpərd]
• like a rapier: A slender, double-edged sword [laɪk ə ˈreɪpiər]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• he: Referring to a male person or animal [hi]
• rose: Moved upwards [roʊz]
• his full length: The entire length of his body [hɪz fʊl lɛŋθ]
• from the water: Out of the water [frəm ðə ˈwɔtər]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• then: At that time; after that [ðɛn]
• re-entered: Entered again [ˌriˈɛntərd]
• it, smoothly: In a smooth manner [ɪt sˈmuðli]
• like a diver: A person who dives into water [laɪk ə ˈdaɪvər]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• the old man: An elderly man [ðə oʊld mæn]
• saw: Perceived with the eyes [sɔ]
• the great: Large or impressive [ðə greɪt]
• scythe-blade: A curved blade used for cutting grass or crops [scythe-blade]
• of his tail: The tail of the fish [əv hɪz teɪl]
• go under: Submerge or disappear beneath the surface [goʊ ˈəndər]
• and: A conjunction used to connect words or phrases [ənd]
• the line: A rope or cord used for fishing [ðə laɪn]
• commenced: Began or started [kəˈmɛnst]
• to race out: To move out very fast [tɪ reɪs aʊt]