The Old Man and The Sea by Ernest Hemingway- page 53

''Ay,'' the old man said. ''Galanos.

• Ay: An expression of understanding, agreement, or acknowledgment, often used by older people or those in traditional settings. [eɪ]
• the old man: Refers to an elderly male character, likely the protagonist or a significant figure in the story. [ðə oʊld mæn]
• said: Past tense of 'say,' indicating that the old man spoke. [sɛd]
• Galanos: Likely a term of endearment or encouragement, possibly in a language other than English, directed towards someone or something. [gəˈlɑnoʊs]

They came.

• They: Refers to a group of entities, likely sharks, based on the context. [ðeɪ]
• came: Past tense of 'come,' indicating movement towards a specific location. [keɪm]

But they did not come as the Mako had come.

• But: A conjunction indicating a contrast or exception. [bət]
• they: Refers to the same group of entities as before. [ðeɪ]
• did not come: Indicates that their arrival was different from a previous arrival. [dɪd nɑt kəm]
• as: Used to make a comparison. [ɛz]
• the Mako: Refers to a specific type of shark, the Mako shark. [ðə ˈmɑkoʊ]
• had come: Indicates the manner in which the Mako shark arrived previously. [hæd kəm]

One turned and went out of sight under the skiff and the old man could feel the skiff shake as he jerked and pulled on the fish.

• One: Refers to one of the sharks. [wən]
• turned: Changed direction. [tərnd]
• and: A conjunction connecting two actions. [ənd]
• went out of sight: Disappeared from view. [wɛnt aʊt əv saɪt]
• under: Beneath or below. [ˈəndər]
• the skiff: A small boat. [ðə skɪf]
• and: A conjunction connecting two events. [ənd]
• the old man: Refers to the elderly male character. [ðə oʊld mæn]
• could feel: Was able to sense. [kʊd fil]
• the skiff: The small boat. [ðə skɪf]
• shake: To tremble or vibrate. [ʃeɪk]
• as: While or during the time that. [ɛz]
• he: Refers to the old man. [hi]
• jerked: Made a sudden, sharp movement. [ʤərkt]
• and: A conjunction connecting two actions. [ənd]
• pulled: Applied force to move something towards himself. [pʊld]
• on: Referring to the object being pulled. [ɔn]
• the fish: The marine animal being caught. [ðə fɪʃ]

The other watched the old man with his slitted yellow eyes and then came in fast with his half circle of jaws wide to hit the fish where he had already been bitten.

• The other: Refers to the remaining shark. [ðə ˈəðər]
• watched: Observed. [wɔʧt]
• the old man: The elderly male character. [ðə oʊld mæn]
• with: Using or possessing. [wɪθ]
• his: Belonging to the shark. [hɪz]
• slitted yellow eyes: Eyes that are narrow and yellow in color. [slitted ˈjɛloʊ aɪz]
• and: A conjunction connecting two actions. [ənd]
• then: At that time. [ðɛn]
• came in fast: Approached quickly. [keɪm ɪn fæst]
• with: Having or possessing. [wɪθ]
• his: Belonging to the shark. [hɪz]
• half circle of jaws: Jaws shaped like a semicircle. [hæf ˈsərkəl əv ʤɔz]
• wide: Open to a great extent. [waɪd]
• to hit: Intending to strike. [tɪ hɪt]
• the fish: The marine animal being caught. [ðə fɪʃ]
• where: At the place or point. [wɛr]
• he: Referring to the shark. [hi]
• had already been bitten: Had previously received a bite. [hæd ɔˈrɛdi bɪn ˈbɪtən]

The line showed clearly on the top of his brown head and back where the brain joined the spinal cord and the old man drove the knife on the oar into the juncture, withdrew it, and drove it in again into the shark's yellow cat-like eyes.

• The line: The fishing line. [ðə laɪn]
• showed clearly: Was easily visible. [ʃoʊd ˈklɪrli]
• on: Located on the surface of. [ɔn]
• the top: The highest point. [ðə tɔp]
• of: Belonging to. [əv]
• his: Belonging to the shark. [hɪz]
• brown head: Head that is brown in color. [braʊn hɛd]
• and: A conjunction connecting two body parts. [ənd]
• back: The rear part of the body. [bæk]
• where: At the place or point. [wɛr]
• the brain: The organ responsible for thought and control. [ðə breɪn]
• joined: Connected to. [ʤɔɪnd]
• the spinal cord: The bundle of nerves that runs down the back. [ðə ˈspaɪnəl kɔrd]
• and: A conjunction connecting two actions. [ənd]
• the old man: The elderly male character. [ðə oʊld mæn]
• drove: Forcibly inserted. [droʊv]
• the knife: A cutting tool. [ðə naɪf]
• on: Using as a support. [ɔn]
• the oar: A long pole with a flat blade used for rowing. [ðə ɔr]
• into: Moving to a position inside. [ˈɪntu]
• the juncture: The point where two things meet. [ðə ˈʤəŋkʧər]
• withdrew: Pulled back or removed. [wɪθˈdru]
• it: Referring to the knife. [ɪt]
• and: A conjunction connecting two actions. [ənd]
• drove: Forcibly inserted. [droʊv]
• it: Referring to the knife. [ɪt]
• in again: Inserted once more. [ɪn əˈgɛn]
• into: Moving to a position inside. [ˈɪntu]
• the shark's: Belonging to the shark. [ðə sharks]
• yellow cat-like eyes: Eyes that resemble those of a cat, being yellow in color and having a similar shape. [ˈjɛloʊ cat-like aɪz]

The shark let go of the fish and slid down, swallowing what he had taken as he died.

• The shark: The marine predator. [ðə ʃɑrk]
• let go of: Released its grip on. [lɛt goʊ əv]
• the fish: The marine animal being caught. [ðə fɪʃ]
• and: A conjunction connecting two actions. [ənd]
• slid down: Moved downwards smoothly. [slɪd daʊn]
• swallowing: Causing something to pass down the throat. [sˈwɑloʊɪŋ]
• what: The thing that. [wət]
• he: Referring to the shark. [hi]
• had taken: Had consumed or seized. [hæd ˈteɪkən]
• as: While or during the time that. [ɛz]
• he: Referring to the shark. [hi]
• died: Ceased to live. [daɪd]

The skiff was still shaking with the destruction the other shark was doing to the fish and the old man let go the sheet so that the skiff would swing broadside and bring the shark out from under.

• The: Definite article, referring to a specific skiff already mentioned or known [ðə]
• skiff: A light, open boat [skɪf]
• was still shaking: Continued to tremble or vibrate [wɑz stɪl ˈʃeɪkɪŋ]
• with the destruction: Due to the damage or ruin caused [wɪθ ðə dɪˈstrəkʃən]
• the other shark: A second shark, different from one previously mentioned [ðə ˈəðər ʃɑrk]
• was doing: Was inflicting or causing [wɑz duɪŋ]
• to the fish: Upon the fish that was being attacked [tɪ ðə fɪʃ]
• and: Conjunction, connecting two clauses [ənd]
• the old man: Referring to a specific elderly man, likely the protagonist [ðə oʊld mæn]
• let go: Released or freed [lɛt goʊ]
• the sheet: A rope used to control the sail of the skiff [ðə ʃit]
• so that: In order that; with the purpose of [soʊ ðət]
• the skiff: The light, open boat [ðə skɪf]
• would swing broadside: Would turn to present its side to something [wʊd swɪŋ ˈbrɔdˌsaɪd]
• and: Conjunction, connecting two actions [ənd]
• bring the shark out: Cause the shark to move from [brɪŋ ðə ʃɑrk aʊt]
• from under: Beneath the skiff [frəm ˈəndər]

When he saw the shark he leaned over the side and punched at him.

• When: At the time that [wɪn]
• he saw: The old man observed [hi sɔ]
• the shark: The specific shark [ðə ʃɑrk]
• he leaned over: The old man bent his body forward and downward [hi lind ˈoʊvər]
• the side: The edge of the skiff [ðə saɪd]
• and: Conjunction, connecting two actions [ənd]
• punched at him: Struck or jabbed towards the shark [pənʧt æt ɪm]

He hit only meat and the hide was set hard and he barely got the knife in.

• He hit: The old man's strike landed [hi hɪt]
• only meat: Just flesh, not a vital spot [ˈoʊnli mit]
• and: Conjunction, connecting two clauses [ənd]
• the hide: The shark's skin [ðə haɪd]
• was set hard: Was tough and firm [wɑz sɛt hɑrd]
• and: Conjunction, connecting two clauses [ənd]
• he barely got: He only just managed to insert [hi ˈbɛrli gɑt]
• the knife in: The blade into the shark [ðə naɪf ɪn]

The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too.

• The blow: The strike or impact [ðə bloʊ]
• hurt: Caused pain to [hərt]
• not only: Indicates that more than one thing was affected [nɑt ˈoʊnli]
• his hands: The old man's hands [hɪz hænz]
• but: Conjunction, introducing an additional item [bət]
• his shoulder: The part of the body connecting the arm to the torso [hɪz ˈʃoʊldər]
• too: Also; in addition [tu]

But the shark came up fast with his head out and the old man hit him squarely in the center of his flat-topped head as his nose came out of water and lay against the fish.

• But: Conjunction, introducing a contrasting statement [bət]
• the shark came up: The shark rose to the surface [ðə ʃɑrk keɪm əp]
• fast: Quickly [fæst]
• with his head out: With its head above the water [wɪθ hɪz hɛd aʊt]
• and: Conjunction, connecting two clauses [ənd]
• the old man: The specific elderly man [ðə oʊld mæn]
• hit him: Struck the shark [hɪt ɪm]
• squarely: Directly; accurately [skˈwɛrli]
• in the center: At the middle point [ɪn ðə ˈsɛnər]
• of his flat-topped head: Of the shark's head, which had a flat upper surface [əv hɪz flat-topped hɛd]
• as: At the same time that [ɛz]
• his nose came out: The shark's snout emerged [hɪz noʊz keɪm aʊt]
• of water: From beneath the surface of the water [əv ˈwɔtər]
• and: Conjunction, connecting two clauses [ənd]
• lay: Rested or pressed [leɪ]
• against the fish: On the fish that was being attacked [əˈgɛnst ðə fɪʃ]

The old man withdrew the blade and punched the shark exactly in the same spot again.

• The old man: The specific elderly man [ðə oʊld mæn]
• withdrew: Pulled back or removed [wɪθˈdru]
• the blade: The knife's cutting edge [ðə bleɪd]
• and: Conjunction, connecting two actions [ənd]
• punched: Struck forcefully [pənʧt]
• the shark: The specific shark [ðə ʃɑrk]
• exactly: Precisely; in the same manner [ɪgˈzæktli]
• in the same spot: At the identical location [ɪn ðə seɪm spɑt]
• again: Once more; another time [əˈgɛn]

He still hung to the fish with his jaws hooked and the old man stabbed him in his left eye.

• He still hung: The shark remained attached [hi stɪl həŋ]
• to the fish: To the fish being attacked [tɪ ðə fɪʃ]
• with his jaws hooked: With its mouth firmly attached [wɪθ hɪz ʤɔz hʊkt]
• and: Conjunction, connecting two actions [ənd]
• the old man: The specific elderly man [ðə oʊld mæn]
• stabbed him: Thrust a knife into the shark [stæbd ɪm]
• in his left eye: Into the shark's eye on its left side [ɪn hɪz lɛft aɪ]

The shark still hung there.

• The shark: The specific shark [ðə ʃɑrk]
• still hung: Remained attached [stɪl həŋ]
• there: In that location [ðɛr]

''No?'' the old man said and he drove the blade between the vertebrae and the brain.

• No: A rhetorical question expressing disbelief or challenge [noʊ]
• the old man: Refers to a specific elderly male character [ðə oʊld mæn]
• said: Past tense of 'say', indicating speech [sɛd]
• and: Conjunction connecting two clauses [ənd]
• he: Pronoun referring to the old man [hi]
• drove: Past tense of 'drive', meaning to forcefully insert [droʊv]
• the blade: Refers to the sharp edge of a tool or weapon [ðə bleɪd]
• between: Preposition indicating the space separating two things [bɪtˈwin]
• the vertebrae: Plural of vertebra, the bones of the spinal column [ðə ˈvərtəˌbreɪ]
• and: Conjunction connecting two nouns [ənd]
• the brain: The organ located in the skull responsible for thought and control of the body [ðə breɪn]

It was an easy shot now and he felt the cartilage sever.

• It: Pronoun referring to the action of driving the blade [ɪt]
• was: Past tense of 'be', linking the subject to a description [wɑz]
• an easy shot: A simple or effortless action or attempt [ən ˈizi ʃɑt]
• now: Adverb indicating the present time [naʊ]
• and: Conjunction connecting two clauses [ənd]
• he: Pronoun referring to the old man [hi]
• felt: Past tense of 'feel', indicating a sensation [fɛlt]
• the cartilage: A type of flexible connective tissue [ðə ˈkɑrtəlɪʤ]
• sever: To cut or break off [ˈsɛvər]

The old man reversed the oar and put the blade between the shark's jaws to open them.

• The old man: Refers to a specific elderly male character [ðə oʊld mæn]
• reversed: Past tense of 'reverse', meaning to turn in the opposite direction [rɪˈvərst]
• the oar: A long pole with a flat blade used for rowing a boat [ðə ɔr]
• and: Conjunction connecting two clauses [ənd]
• put: Past tense of 'put', meaning to place something somewhere [pʊt]
• the blade: Refers to the sharp edge of a tool or weapon [ðə bleɪd]
• between: Preposition indicating the space separating two things [bɪtˈwin]
• the shark's: Possessive form of 'shark', indicating ownership [ðə sharks]
• jaws: The mouth of a shark, especially the powerful biting structure [ʤɔz]
• to open: Infinitive form of 'open', meaning to create an opening [tɪ ˈoʊpən]
• them: Pronoun referring to the shark's jaws [ðɛm]

He twisted the blade and as the shark slid loose he said, ''Go on, galano.

• He: Pronoun referring to the old man [hi]
• twisted: Past tense of 'twist', meaning to turn or rotate forcefully [tˈwɪstɪd]
• the blade: Refers to the sharp edge of a tool or weapon [ðə bleɪd]
• and: Conjunction connecting two clauses [ənd]
• as: Conjunction indicating a simultaneous action [ɛz]
• the shark: A large predatory fish [ðə ʃɑrk]
• slid loose: Moved freely or became detached [slɪd lus]
• he: Pronoun referring to the old man [hi]
• said: Past tense of 'say', indicating speech [sɛd]
• Go on, galano: An encouragement to proceed, followed by a term of endearment or a name for the shark [goʊ ɔn galano]

Slide down a mile deep.

• Slide down: Move downwards [slaɪd daʊn]
• a mile deep: A great distance downwards [ə maɪl dip]

The old man wiped the blade of his knife and laid down the oar.

• The old man: Refers to a specific elderly male character [ðə oʊld mæn]
• wiped: Past tense of 'wipe', meaning to clean by rubbing [waɪpt]
• the blade: Refers to the sharp edge of a tool or weapon [ðə bleɪd]
• of: Preposition indicating possession or origin [əv]
• his knife: The knife belonging to the old man [hɪz naɪf]
• and: Conjunction connecting two clauses [ənd]
• laid down: Past tense of 'lay down', meaning to place something on a surface [leɪd daʊn]
• the oar: A long pole with a flat blade used for rowing a boat [ðə ɔr]

Then he found the sheet and the sail filled and he brought the skiff onto her course.

• Then: Adverb indicating sequence [ðɛn]
• he: Pronoun referring to the old man [hi]
• found: Past tense of 'find', meaning to discover or locate [faʊnd]
• the sheet: A rope or chain used to control the angle of a sail [ðə ʃit]
• and: Conjunction connecting two clauses [ənd]
• the sail: A piece of fabric used to catch the wind and propel a boat [ðə seɪl]
• filled: Past tense of 'fill', meaning to become full of wind [fɪld]
• and: Conjunction connecting two clauses [ənd]
• he: Pronoun referring to the old man [hi]
• brought: Past tense of 'bring', meaning to move something towards a place [brɔt]
• the skiff: A small boat [ðə skɪf]
• onto: Preposition indicating movement towards a surface [ˈɔntu]
• her course: The intended direction of the skiff [hər kɔrs]